path: root/main.zig

const std = @import("std");
const vaxis = @import("vaxis");
const ghostty_vt = @import("ghostty-vt");
const Term = @import("term.zig");

extern "c" fn forkpty(
    amaster: *c_int,
    name: ?[*:0]u8,
    termp: ?*const anyopaque,
    winp: ?*const std.posix.winsize,
) c_int;

// execv, not execvp: no PATH search means no malloc in the child, so it's
// async-signal-safe and survives being forked from a multithreaded process.
extern "c" fn execv(
    path: [*:0]const u8,
    argv: [*:null]const ?[*:0]const u8,
) c_int;

extern "c" fn _exit(status: c_int) noreturn;

// basic file navigation
// basic shell io
// acme-style layout: columns split horizontally, windows stacked in each column.
// * /home/goblin/05-genizah/plan9port/src/cmd/acme
// right click and enter on lines to open files at specified lines

const PtyRead = struct { id: usize, bytes: []u8 };

pub const Command = struct {
    prev: ?*Command = null,
    pub var value: union(enum) {
        close,
        ping,
        nop,
        quit,
        tick,
        key_press: vaxis.Key,
        pty_read: PtyRead,
        pty_eof: usize,
        winsize: vaxis.Winsize,
        mouse: vaxis.Mouse,
    } = .nop;
};

const Loop = vaxis.Loop(@TypeOf(Command.value));

// layout constants
const GUTTER: u16 = 2; // left gutter: box (top) + scrollbar (below) per pane
const BOX_H: u16 = 1; // rows of the drag/rearrange box; scrollbar starts below it
const MINW: u16 = 10; // min pane width  (cells)
const MINH: u16 = 3; // min pane height (cells)
const MAX_TERMS: usize = 16;
const MAX_COLS: usize = 6;

const Rect = struct { x: u16, y: u16, w: u16, h: u16 };

// acme model: columns own X (col_weight), windows own Y (Term.vweight). The
// per-column ordered list `col_terms[c][0..col_n[c]]` is the source of truth.
const Layout = struct {
    ncol: usize,
    col_weight: [MAX_COLS]f32,
    col_terms: [MAX_COLS][MAX_TERMS]usize,
    col_n: [MAX_COLS]usize,
};

const Drag = union(enum) {
    none,
    border_v: struct { left_col: usize, cur_x: u16 },
    border_h: struct { col: usize, top_idx: usize, cur_y: u16 },
    move: struct { id: usize, cur_x: u16, cur_y: u16 },
    select: struct { id: usize, button: Button },
};

// mouse button driving a selection; also indexes Term.sel.
const Button = enum { left, middle, right };

// monochrome, low-contrast palette (rgb grays).
const gray = struct {
    const bar = [3]u8{ 0x2a, 0x2a, 0x2a }; // dim bars (tag, scrollbar track, box idle)
    const dim = [3]u8{ 0x3c, 0x3c, 0x3c }; // separators
    const mid = [3]u8{ 0x52, 0x52, 0x52 }; // box active, scrollbar thumb, move preview
    const lit = [3]u8{ 0x6e, 0x6e, 0x6e }; // dashed resize preview
    const txt = [3]u8{ 0x96, 0x96, 0x96 }; // muted text
};
// the drag button: a distinctive red (brighter when the window is focused).
const red = [3]u8{ 0xcc, 0x33, 0x33 };
const red_dim = [3]u8{ 0x66, 0x2a, 0x2a };
// char-mode inserted text (bright on a faint box so it reads as an overlay).
const edit_fg = [3]u8{ 0xea, 0xea, 0xea };
const edit_bg = [3]u8{ 0x3a, 0x3a, 0x3a };
// per-button selection highlight: three gray levels, muted text.
const SEL_BG = [3][3]u8{ .{ 0x38, 0x38, 0x38 }, .{ 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c }, .{ 0x60, 0x60, 0x60 } };
const sel_fg = [3]u8{ 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0 };

// Tag builtins. Middle-clicking the name in a window's tag runs the action;
// `builtins_str` is the space-joined name list, produced at comptime.
const SelectAction = enum { none, send, newcol, delcol, del };
const Builtin = struct { name: []const u8, action: SelectAction };
const builtins = [_]Builtin{
    .{ .name = "Newcol", .action = .newcol },
    .{ .name = "Delcol", .action = .delcol },
    .{ .name = "Del", .action = .del },
};
const builtins_str = blk: {
    var s: []const u8 = "";
    for (builtins, 0..) |b, i| s = s ++ (if (i == 0) "" else " ") ++ b.name;
    break :blk s;
};

fn fork_pty(argv: [:0]const u8, ws: std.posix.winsize) struct { file: std.Io.File, pid: std.posix.pid_t } {
    var master: c_int = undefined;
    const pid = forkpty(&master, null, null, &ws);
    if (pid == 0) {
        const child_argv = [_:null]?[*:0]const u8{ argv.ptr, null };
        _ = execv(argv.ptr, &child_argv);
        _exit(127);
    }
    return .{ .file = .{ .handle = master, .flags = .{ .nonblocking = false } }, .pid = pid };
}

fn termWrite(t: *Term, bytes: []const u8) void {
    var off: usize = 0;
    while (off < bytes.len) {
        const rc = std.os.linux.write(t.pty.handle, bytes[off..].ptr, bytes.len - off);
        switch (std.posix.errno(rc)) {
            .SUCCESS => off += @intCast(rc),
            .INTR => {},
            else => break,
        }
    }
}

// The window tag: the shell's cwd followed by the builtin command names. Plain,
// selectable text (acme-style). Caller frees with `alloc`.
fn tagLine(alloc: std.mem.Allocator, t: *Term) ![]u8 {
    var link: [1024]u8 = undefined;
    var pathbuf: [64]u8 = undefined;
    const cwd: []const u8 = cwd: {
        const path = std.fmt.bufPrintZ(&pathbuf, "/proc/{d}/cwd", .{t.pid}) catch break :cwd "?";
        const rc = std.os.linux.readlinkat(std.os.linux.AT.FDCWD, path, &link, link.len);
        break :cwd switch (std.posix.errno(rc)) {
            .SUCCESS => link[0..rc],
            else => "?",
        };
    };
    // leading 2-char mode indicator: "ch" (char/edit) or "sy" (sym/terminal).
    const mode = if (t.editing) "ch" else "sy";
    return std.fmt.allocPrint(alloc, "{s} {s} {s}", .{ mode, cwd, builtins_str });
}

// TIOCSWINSZ: set the pty size; the kernel raises SIGWINCH in the child so it
// (and anything running in it) reflows to the new grid.
fn pty_set_size(pty: std.Io.File, rows: u16, cols: u16) void {
    const ws: std.posix.winsize = .{ .row = rows, .col = cols, .xpixel = 0, .ypixel = 0 };
    _ = std.posix.system.ioctl(pty.handle, std.posix.T.IOCSWINSZ, @intFromPtr(&ws));
}

// One reader task per terminal. Tags each chunk with the terminal's slot id so
// the main loop knows which emulator to feed; posts pty_eof when the shell exits.
fn readPty(io: std.Io, gpa: std.mem.Allocator, pty: std.Io.File, id: usize, loop: *Loop) anyerror!void {
    var read_buf: [0x1000]u8 = undefined;
    var reader = pty.readerStreaming(io, &read_buf);
    while (true) {
        var buf: [0x1000]u8 = undefined;
        var vec = [_][]u8{&buf};
        const n = reader.interface.readVec(&vec) catch break;
        if (n == 0) break;
        const bytes = try gpa.dupe(u8, buf[0..n]);
        loop.postEvent(.{ .pty_read = .{ .id = id, .bytes = bytes } }) catch {
            gpa.free(bytes);
            break;
        };
    }
    loop.postEvent(.{ .pty_eof = id }) catch {};
}

// fork the pty + boot the emulator. Forking is the dangerous part in a
// multithreaded process, so this does NOT start the reader task (no new
// threads) — call startReader once the term is wired in.
fn forkTerm(gpa: std.mem.Allocator, init_cols: u16, init_rows: u16) !*Term {
    const child = fork_pty("/usr/bin/bash", .{ .row = init_rows, .col = init_cols, .xpixel = 0, .ypixel = 0 });
    const t = try gpa.create(Term);
    errdefer gpa.destroy(t);
    t.* = .{
        .pty = child.file,
        .pid = child.pid,
        .term = try ghostty_vt.Terminal.init(gpa, .{ .cols = init_cols, .rows = init_rows }),
        .stream = undefined,
        .reader = .{ .any_future = null, .result = {} }, // no-op until startReader
        .cols = init_cols,
        .rows = init_rows,
    };
    t.stream = t.term.vtStream();
    return t;
}

fn startReader(io: std.Io, gpa: std.mem.Allocator, loop: *Loop, t: *Term, id: usize) !void {
    t.reader = try io.concurrent(readPty, .{ io, gpa, t.pty, id, loop });
}

// ---- layout surgery over the per-column ordered lists ----

fn layoutFindTerm(l: *const Layout, id: usize) ?struct { col: usize, idx: usize } {
    var c: usize = 0;
    while (c < l.ncol) : (c += 1) {
        var k: usize = 0;
        while (k < l.col_n[c]) : (k += 1) {
            if (l.col_terms[c][k] == id) return .{ .col = c, .idx = k };
        }
    }
    return null;
}

fn layoutRemove(l: *Layout, id: usize) void {
    const f = layoutFindTerm(l, id) orelse return;
    const c = f.col;
    var k = f.idx;
    while (k + 1 < l.col_n[c]) : (k += 1) l.col_terms[c][k] = l.col_terms[c][k + 1];
    l.col_n[c] -= 1;
    if (l.col_n[c] == 0) {
        var j = c;
        while (j + 1 < l.ncol) : (j += 1) {
            l.col_terms[j] = l.col_terms[j + 1];
            l.col_n[j] = l.col_n[j + 1];
            l.col_weight[j] = l.col_weight[j + 1];
        }
        l.ncol -= 1;
    }
}

fn layoutInsert(l: *Layout, c: usize, idx: usize, id: usize) void {
    var k = l.col_n[c];
    while (k > idx) : (k -= 1) l.col_terms[c][k] = l.col_terms[c][k - 1];
    l.col_terms[c][idx] = id;
    l.col_n[c] += 1;
}

fn layoutAppendColumn(l: *Layout, id: usize) void {
    if (l.ncol >= MAX_COLS) return;
    const c = l.ncol;
    l.col_weight[c] = 1;
    l.col_terms[c][0] = id;
    l.col_n[c] = 1;
    l.ncol += 1;
}

// Tile the screen: columns by col_weight, then each column's windows by vweight.
// Last column/window absorbs rounding so the tiling always fills the screen.
// `out_*` written for every live term and live column.
fn computeGeom(
    l: *const Layout,
    terms: *const [MAX_TERMS]?*Term,
    sw: u16,
    sh: u16,
    rects: *[MAX_TERMS]Rect,
    col_x: *[MAX_COLS]u16,
    col_w: *[MAX_COLS]u16,
) void {
    if (l.ncol == 0) return;
    var wsum: f32 = 0;
    for (0..l.ncol) |c| wsum += l.col_weight[c];
    if (wsum <= 0) wsum = 1;
    const sep_cols: u16 = @intCast(l.ncol - 1);
    const avail_w: u16 = sw -| sep_cols;

    var x: u16 = 0;
    for (0..l.ncol) |c| {
        const last = (c + 1 == l.ncol);
        const cw: u16 = if (last) (sw -| x) else @max(1, @as(u16, @intFromFloat(@round(@as(f32, @floatFromInt(avail_w)) * l.col_weight[c] / wsum))));
        col_x[c] = x;
        col_w[c] = cw;

        const n = l.col_n[c];
        var vsum: f32 = 0;
        for (0..n) |k| {
            if (terms[l.col_terms[c][k]]) |t| vsum += t.vweight;
        }
        if (vsum <= 0) vsum = 1;
        const sep_rows: u16 = if (n > 0) @intCast(n - 1) else 0;
        const avail_h: u16 = sh -| sep_rows;

        var y: u16 = 0;
        for (0..n) |k| {
            const id = l.col_terms[c][k];
            const t = terms[id] orelse continue;
            const lastk = (k + 1 == n);
            const ch: u16 = if (lastk) (sh -| y) else @max(1, @as(u16, @intFromFloat(@round(@as(f32, @floatFromInt(avail_h)) * t.vweight / vsum))));
            rects[id] = .{ .x = x, .y = y, .w = cw, .h = ch };
            y +|= ch + 1;
        }
        x +|= cw + 1;
    }
}

// `alloc` must be a per-frame arena, NOT freed before vx.render(): vaxis is a
// retained renderer and stores each cell's grapheme as a *slice* into the text
// we hand it, so plainString has to outlive the render call.
fn renderPane(root: vaxis.Window, alloc: std.mem.Allocator, t: *Term, r: Rect, active: bool) !void {
    if (r.w <= GUTTER or r.h == 0) return;

    // text area: tag line on row 0 (same row as the box), terminal body below.
    const text = root.child(.{ .x_off = r.x + GUTTER, .y_off = r.y, .width = r.w - GUTTER, .height = r.h });
    text.clear();

    // tag: cwd + builtins, drawn as a dim bar; plain selectable text.
    const tag = try tagLine(alloc, t);
    const tagw = text.child(.{ .height = BOX_H });
    tagw.fill(.{ .char = .{ .grapheme = " " }, .style = .{ .bg = .{ .rgb = gray.bar } } });
    _ = tagw.printSegment(.{ .text = tag, .style = .{ .fg = .{ .rgb = gray.txt }, .bg = .{ .rgb = gray.bar } } }, .{ .wrap = .none });

    // FUTURE: hide shell prompts, render only command output. ghostty-vt tracks
    // OSC 133 semantic prompts and stores the state we'd need:
    //   - per cell:  page.Cell.semantic_content -> .output | .input | .prompt
    //   - per row:   page.Row.semantic_prompt  -> .none | .prompt | .prompt_continuation
    //   - cursor drives it via OSC 133 A/B/C/D (stream_terminal -> Terminal.semanticPrompt).
    // Ready-made helpers (all public through ghostty_vt): Screen.selectOutput(pin),
    // PageList.highlightSemanticContent(pin, .output), screen.pages.rowIterator(...),
    // pin.rowAndCell().cell.semantic_content, pin.promptIterator/cellIterator.
    // To do it: swap plainString for a row walk that skips rows where
    // row.semantic_prompt != .none (coarse) or non-.output cells (fine):
    //   var it = screen.pages.rowIterator(.right_down, .{ .viewport = .{} }, null);
    //   while (it.next()) |pin| { if (pin.rowAndCell().row.semantic_prompt != .none) continue; ... }
    // CATCH: only populated if the shell emits OSC 133 (shell integration). bash
    // doesn't by default — every cell stays the default .output, so nothing would
    // be hidden until we source ghostty's integration script or wrap PS1/
    // PROMPT_COMMAND with the 133;A/B/C/D markers in each spawned pty. Best as a
    // toggle (a Hide/Show tag builtin) so it degrades gracefully without integration.
    // body = tty rows with insertion runs spliced in (text shifts, not overdrawn).
    const off: i32 = @intCast(t.term.screens.active.pages.scrollbar().offset);
    const body = try bodyText(alloc, t);
    var it = std.mem.splitAny(u8, body, "\n");
    var i: u16 = 0;
    while (it.next()) |line| : (i += 1) {
        _ = text.printSegment(.{ .text = line }, .{ .row_offset = BOX_H + i, .wrap = .none });
    }

    // recolor the inserted cells so typed text reads distinctly from tty output.
    // edit.row is absolute; its visual pane row is (row - off) + BOX_H.
    for (t.edits[0..t.nedits]) |*e| {
        if (e.len == 0) continue;
        const prow = e.row - off + @as(i32, BOX_H);
        if (prow < 0 or prow >= @as(i32, r.h)) continue;
        const start = renderedCol(t, e.row, e.col, 0);
        var k: u16 = 0;
        while (k < e.len) : (k += 1) {
            const cc = start + @as(i32, k);
            if (cc < 0 or cc >= @as(i32, r.w - GUTTER)) continue;
            if (text.readCell(@intCast(cc), @intCast(prow))) |cell| {
                var nc = cell;
                nc.default = false;
                nc.style.fg = .{ .rgb = edit_fg };
                nc.style.bg = .{ .rgb = edit_bg };
                text.writeCell(@intCast(cc), @intCast(prow), nc);
            }
        }
    }

    // recolor selected cells (pane-local visual coords), one pass per button —
    // later buttons win on overlap; only while actively dragging.
    for (t.sel, 0..) |sl, b| {
        if (sl.state != .dragging) continue;
        const r0 = @min(sl.r0, sl.r1);
        const r1 = @max(sl.r0, sl.r1);
        const c0 = @max(0, @min(sl.c0, sl.c1));
        const c1 = @max(0, @max(sl.c0, sl.c1));
        var row: u16 = 0;
        while (row < r.h) : (row += 1) {
            if (@as(i32, row) < r0 or @as(i32, row) > r1) continue;
            var col: i32 = c0;
            while (col <= c1 and col < @as(i32, r.w - GUTTER)) : (col += 1) {
                const cc: u16 = @intCast(col);
                if (text.readCell(cc, row)) |cell| {
                    var nc = cell;
                    nc.default = false; // else vaxis ignores the style on cleared cells
                    nc.style.bg = .{ .rgb = SEL_BG[b] };
                    nc.style.fg = .{ .rgb = sel_fg };
                    text.writeCell(cc, row, nc);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    if (active) {
        if (t.editing) {
            // char mode: cursor at the rendered cursor position (scroll-adjusted).
            const prow = t.cur_row - off + @as(i32, BOX_H);
            const cx = renderedCol(t, t.cur_row, t.cur_col, t.cur_off);
            if (prow >= 0 and cx >= 0 and prow < @as(i32, r.h) and cx < @as(i32, r.w - GUTTER))
                text.showCursor(@intCast(cx), @intCast(prow));
        } else {
            text.showCursor(t.term.screens.active.cursor.x, t.term.screens.active.cursor.y + BOX_H);
        }
    }

    // gutter: box (the drag/rearrange handle) on top, scrollbar below
    const gut = root.child(.{ .x_off = r.x, .y_off = r.y, .width = GUTTER, .height = r.h });
    const box_bg = if (active) red else red_dim;
    var bx: u16 = 0;
    while (bx < GUTTER) : (bx += 1) {
        var by: u16 = 0;
        while (by < BOX_H) : (by += 1)
            gut.writeCell(bx, by, .{ .char = .{ .grapheme = " " }, .style = .{ .bg = .{ .rgb = box_bg } } });
    }
    const sb = t.term.screens.active.pages.scrollbar();
    const track_h: usize = if (r.h > BOX_H) r.h - BOX_H else 0;
    if (track_h > 0) {
        const total: usize = if (sb.total == 0) 1 else sb.total;
        const pos = (track_h * sb.offset) / total;
        const len = @max(1, (track_h * sb.len) / total);
        var gy: usize = 0;
        while (gy < track_h) : (gy += 1) {
            const thumb = gy >= pos and gy < pos + len;
            const st_bg = if (thumb) gray.mid else gray.bar;
            var cx: u16 = 0;
            while (cx < GUTTER) : (cx += 1)
                gut.writeCell(cx, @intCast(BOX_H + gy), .{ .char = .{ .grapheme = " " }, .style = .{ .bg = .{ .rgb = st_bg } } });
        }
    }
}

pub fn main(init: std.process.Init) !void {
    const io = init.io;
    const gpa = init.gpa;

    var screen_w: u16 = 80;
    var screen_h: u16 = 24;
    var resize_count: usize = 0;

    // per-frame scratch for plainString; reset (not freed) after each render so
    // the retained vaxis screen can keep referencing it through vx.render().
    var frame_arena: std.heap.ArenaAllocator = .init(gpa);
    defer frame_arena.deinit();
    var ov_buf: [128]u8 = undefined; // overlay text; must outlive each vx.render()

    var tty_buf: [0x10000]u8 = undefined;
    var tty = try vaxis.Tty.init(io, &tty_buf);

    var vx = try vaxis.init(io, gpa, init.environ_map, .{});
    defer vx.deinit(gpa, tty.writer());

    try vx.setMouseMode(tty.writer(), true);
    try vx.enterAltScreen(tty.writer());
    defer vx.exitAltScreen(tty.writer()) catch {};

    // ---- terminals + layout ----
    var terms: [MAX_TERMS]?*Term = @splat(null);
    defer for (&terms) |*slot| {
        if (slot.*) |t| {
            t.deinit(io, gpa);
            gpa.destroy(t);
            slot.* = null;
        }
    };

    var layout: Layout = .{
        .ncol = 0,
        .col_weight = @splat(1),
        .col_terms = undefined,
        .col_n = @splat(0),
    };

    // Fork the initial terminals BEFORE starting any io worker thread. forkpty
    // from a multithreaded process can leave the child wedged before exec; doing
    // it while still single-threaded avoids that. (initial: two columns, the
    // left one split into two windows.)
    terms[0] = try forkTerm(gpa, screen_w, screen_h);
    terms[1] = try forkTerm(gpa, screen_w, screen_h);
    terms[2] = try forkTerm(gpa, screen_w, screen_h);
    layout.ncol = 2;
    layout.col_n[0] = 2;
    layout.col_terms[0][0] = 0;
    layout.col_terms[0][1] = 1;
    layout.col_n[1] = 1;
    layout.col_terms[1][0] = 2;
    var active: usize = 0;

    var loop: Loop = .init(io, &tty, &vx);
    try loop.start();
    defer loop.stop();
    try loop.installResizeHandler();

    // now safe to spawn the per-terminal reader tasks (no forking here)
    for (&terms, 0..) |*slot, id| {
        if (slot.*) |t| try startReader(io, gpa, &loop, t, id);
    }

    var rects: [MAX_TERMS]Rect = undefined;
    var col_x: [MAX_COLS]u16 = undefined;
    var col_w: [MAX_COLS]u16 = undefined;
    computeGeom(&layout, &terms, screen_w, screen_h, &rects, &col_x, &col_w);

    var drag: Drag = .none;

    while (true) {
        const event = try loop.nextEvent();
        switch (event) {
            .mouse => |mouse| {
                const mcol: u16 = if (mouse.col < 0) 0 else @min(@as(u16, @intCast(mouse.col)), screen_w -| 1);
                const mrow: u16 = if (mouse.row < 0) 0 else @min(@as(u16, @intCast(mouse.row)), screen_h -| 1);

                // which pane is under the cursor (if any)
                const hovered: ?usize = for (terms, 0..) |slot, i| {
                    if (slot == null) continue;
                    const r = rects[i];
                    if (mcol >= r.x and mcol < r.x + r.w and mrow >= r.y and mrow < r.y + r.h) break i;
                } else null;

                if (mouse.button == .wheel_down) {
                    if (hovered) |id| terms[id].?.term.screens.active.scroll(.{ .delta_row = 1 });
                } else if (mouse.button == .wheel_up) {
                    if (hovered) |id| terms[id].?.term.screens.active.scroll(.{ .delta_row = -1 });
                } else if (mouse.type == .press and mouse.button == .left) {
                    var handled = false;

                    // vertical separator (between columns)?
                    var c: usize = 0;
                    while (c + 1 < layout.ncol and !handled) : (c += 1) {
                        if (mcol == col_x[c] + col_w[c]) {
                            drag = .{ .border_v = .{ .left_col = c, .cur_x = mcol } };
                            handled = true;
                        }
                    }

                    // horizontal separator (between stacked windows)?
                    if (!handled) {
                        var cc: usize = 0;
                        outer: while (cc < layout.ncol) : (cc += 1) {
                            if (mcol < col_x[cc] or mcol >= col_x[cc] + col_w[cc]) continue;
                            var k: usize = 0;
                            while (k + 1 < layout.col_n[cc]) : (k += 1) {
                                const id = layout.col_terms[cc][k];
                                const r = rects[id];
                                if (mrow == r.y + r.h) {
                                    drag = .{ .border_h = .{ .col = cc, .top_idx = k, .cur_y = mrow } };
                                    handled = true;
                                    break :outer;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    // inside a pane?
                    if (!handled) {
                        if (hovered) |id| {
                            const r = rects[id];
                            const in_gutter = mcol < r.x + GUTTER;
                            if (in_gutter and mrow < r.y + BOX_H) {
                                drag = .{ .move = .{ .id = id, .cur_x = mcol, .cur_y = mrow } };
                            } else if (in_gutter) {
                                active = id;
                                if (terms[id]) |t| {
                                    const local: i16 = @intCast(@as(i32, mrow) - @as(i32, r.y + BOX_H));
                                    t.term.screens.active.scroll(.{ .delta_row = -local });
                                }
                            } else {
                                active = id;
                                if (terms[id]) |t| {
                                    const sc: i32 = @as(i32, mcol) - @as(i32, r.x + GUTTER);
                                    const v: i32 = @as(i32, mrow) - @as(i32, r.y);
                                    t.sel[@intFromEnum(Button.left)] = .{ .state = .dragging, .c0 = sc, .c1 = sc, .r0 = v, .r1 = v };
                                    drag = .{ .select = .{ .id = id, .button = .left } };
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                } else if (mouse.type == .press and (mouse.button == .middle or mouse.button == .right)) {
                    // middle/right select text too (own state + color), text area only
                    const b: Button = if (mouse.button == .middle) .middle else .right;
                    if (hovered) |id| {
                        const r = rects[id];
                        if (mcol >= r.x + GUTTER) {
                            active = id;
                            if (terms[id]) |t| {
                                const c: i32 = @as(i32, mcol) - @as(i32, r.x + GUTTER);
                                const v: i32 = @as(i32, mrow) - @as(i32, r.y);
                                t.sel[@intFromEnum(b)] = .{ .state = .dragging, .c0 = c, .c1 = c, .r0 = v, .r1 = v };
                                drag = .{ .select = .{ .id = id, .button = b } };
                            }
                        }
                    }
                } else if (mouse.type == .drag) {
                    switch (drag) {
                        .border_v => |*d| {
                            const c = d.left_col;
                            if (c + 1 < layout.ncol) {
                                const lo = col_x[c] + MINW;
                                const hi = col_x[c] +| col_w[c] +| col_w[c + 1] -| MINW;
                                d.cur_x = if (lo <= hi) std.math.clamp(mcol, lo, hi) else mcol;
                            } else d.cur_x = mcol;
                        },
                        .border_h => |*d| {
                            const cc = d.col;
                            const k = d.top_idx;
                            if (k + 1 < layout.col_n[cc]) {
                                const a = layout.col_terms[cc][k];
                                const b = layout.col_terms[cc][k + 1];
                                const lo = rects[a].y + MINH;
                                const hi = rects[a].y +| rects[a].h +| rects[b].h -| MINH;
                                d.cur_y = if (lo <= hi) std.math.clamp(mrow, lo, hi) else mrow;
                            } else d.cur_y = mrow;
                        },
                        .move => |*d| {
                            d.cur_x = mcol;
                            d.cur_y = mrow;
                        },
                        .select => |s| {
                            if (terms[s.id]) |t| {
                                const r = rects[s.id];
                                t.sel[@intFromEnum(s.button)].c1 = @as(i32, mcol) - @as(i32, r.x + GUTTER);
                                t.sel[@intFromEnum(s.button)].r1 = @as(i32, mrow) - @as(i32, r.y);
                            }
                        },
                        .none => {},
                    }
                } else if (mouse.type == .release) {
                    switch (drag) {
                        .border_v => |d| {
                            const c = d.left_col;
                            if (c + 1 < layout.ncol) {
                                const combined: f32 = @floatFromInt(col_w[c] + col_w[c + 1]);
                                var nl: f32 = @floatFromInt(d.cur_x -| col_x[c]);
                                const minw: f32 = MINW;
                                nl = std.math.clamp(nl, minw, @max(minw, combined - minw));
                                const pair = layout.col_weight[c] + layout.col_weight[c + 1];
                                layout.col_weight[c] = pair * (nl / combined);
                                layout.col_weight[c + 1] = pair - layout.col_weight[c];
                            }
                        },
                        .border_h => |d| {
                            const c = d.col;
                            const k = d.top_idx;
                            if (k + 1 < layout.col_n[c]) {
                                const a = layout.col_terms[c][k];
                                const b = layout.col_terms[c][k + 1];
                                if (terms[a]) |ta| if (terms[b]) |tb| {
                                    const combined: f32 = @floatFromInt(rects[a].h + rects[b].h);
                                    var nt: f32 = @floatFromInt(d.cur_y -| rects[a].y);
                                    const minh: f32 = MINH;
                                    nt = std.math.clamp(nt, minh, @max(minh, combined - minh));
                                    const pair = ta.vweight + tb.vweight;
                                    ta.vweight = pair * (nt / combined);
                                    tb.vweight = pair - ta.vweight;
                                };
                            }
                        },
                        .move => |d| moveTerm(&layout, &rects, &col_x, &col_w, d.id, d.cur_x, d.cur_y),
                        .select => |s| {
                            if (terms[s.id]) |t| {
                                t.sel[@intFromEnum(s.button)].state = .done;
                                if (selectionText(gpa, t, t.sel[@intFromEnum(s.button)])) |txt| {
                                    defer gpa.free(txt);
                                    switch (onSelect(s.button, txt)) {
                                        .none => {},
                                        .send => {
                                            // run the selection in the terminal it came from
                                            termWrite(t, std.mem.trim(u8, txt, " \t\r\n"));
                                            termWrite(t, "\r");
                                        },
                                        .newcol => {
                                            // new terminal in a fresh column
                                            const slot: ?usize = for (terms, 0..) |sl, i| {
                                                if (sl == null) break i;
                                            } else null;
                                            if (slot) |free| if (layout.ncol < MAX_COLS) {
                                                if (forkTerm(gpa, screen_w, screen_h)) |nt| {
                                                    terms[free] = nt;
                                                    startReader(io, gpa, &loop, nt, free) catch {};
                                                    layoutAppendColumn(&layout, free);
                                                    active = free;
                                                } else |_| {}
                                            };
                                        },
                                        .del => {
                                            // close just this window
                                            layoutRemove(&layout, s.id);
                                            t.deinit(io, gpa);
                                            gpa.destroy(t);
                                            terms[s.id] = null;
                                            if (active == s.id) active = for (terms, 0..) |sl, i| {
                                                if (sl != null) break i;
                                            } else break;
                                        },
                                        .delcol => {
                                            // close every terminal in this one's column
                                            if (layoutFindTerm(&layout, s.id)) |f| {
                                                var ids: [MAX_TERMS]usize = undefined;
                                                const nids = layout.col_n[f.col];
                                                for (0..nids) |k| ids[k] = layout.col_terms[f.col][k];
                                                for (ids[0..nids]) |tid| {
                                                    if (terms[tid]) |tt| {
                                                        layoutRemove(&layout, tid);
                                                        tt.deinit(io, gpa);
                                                        gpa.destroy(tt);
                                                        terms[tid] = null;
                                                    }
                                                }
                                                if (terms[active] == null) active = for (terms, 0..) |sl, i| {
                                                    if (sl != null) break i;
                                                } else break;
                                            }
                                        },
                                    }
                                } else |_| {}
                                if (s.button == .left) {
                                    // left-click in the body enters char mode and
                                    // anchors the cursor at the selection end. the
                                    // row is stored absolute (visual + scroll off) so
                                    // it rides the scrollback. clicks on the tag (row
                                    // < BOX_H) don't edit.
                                    const sl = t.sel[@intFromEnum(Button.left)];
                                    const body_vis = sl.r1 - @as(i32, BOX_H);
                                    if (body_vis >= 0) {
                                        const off: i32 = @intCast(t.term.screens.active.pages.scrollbar().offset);
                                        t.cur_row = body_vis + off;
                                        t.cur_col = sl.c1;
                                        t.cur_off = if (runAt(t, t.cur_row, t.cur_col)) |i| t.edits[i].len else 0;
                                        t.editing = true;
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        },
                        .none => {},
                    }
                    drag = .none;
                }
            },
            .key_press => |key| {
                if (key.matches('c', .{ .ctrl = true })) break;

                if (terms[active]) |at| {
                    if (key.matches('n', .{ .alt = true })) {
                        // new terminal below the active one, in its column.
                        // ponytail: forks from the now-multithreaded process;
                        // execv (not execvp) keeps the child async-signal-safe.
                        const free_slot: ?usize = for (terms, 0..) |s, i| {
                            if (s == null) break i;
                        } else null;
                        if (free_slot) |slot| {
                            if (forkTerm(gpa, screen_w, screen_h)) |nt| {
                                terms[slot] = nt;
                                startReader(io, gpa, &loop, nt, slot) catch {};
                                const f = layoutFindTerm(&layout, active).?;
                                layoutInsert(&layout, f.col, f.idx + 1, slot);
                                active = slot;
                            } else |_| {}
                        }
                    } else if (key.matches('c', .{ .alt = true })) {
                        // move active terminal into a fresh column
                        const f = layoutFindTerm(&layout, active).?;
                        if (layout.ncol < MAX_COLS and layout.col_n[f.col] > 1) {
                            layoutRemove(&layout, active);
                            layoutAppendColumn(&layout, active);
                        }
                    } else if (key.matches('d', .{ .ctrl = true })) {
                        at.term.screens.active.scroll(.{ .delta_row = 15 });
                    } else if (key.matches('u', .{ .ctrl = true })) {
                        at.term.screens.active.scroll(.{ .delta_row = -15 });
                    } else if (at.editing and key.matches(vaxis.Key.escape, .{})) {
                        at.editing = false; // leave char mode (don't forward Esc)
                    } else if (at.editing) {
                        // char mode: printable text inserts at the cursor (shifting
                        // the current run); arrows move the cursor; backspace/etc.
                        // are no-ops for now (deletion comes later).
                        if (key.text) |text| {
                            // find or create the run at the cursor
                            var idx: ?usize = runAt(at, at.cur_row, at.cur_col);
                            if (idx == null and at.nedits < Term.MAX_EDITS) {
                                at.edits[at.nedits] = .{ .row = at.cur_row, .col = at.cur_col };
                                at.nedits += 1;
                                idx = at.nedits - 1;
                            }
                            if (idx) |ei| {
                                const e = &at.edits[ei];
                                for (text) |ch| {
                                    if (e.len >= Term.EDIT_CAP) break;
                                    if (at.cur_off > e.len) at.cur_off = e.len;
                                    var k: usize = e.len;
                                    while (k > at.cur_off) : (k -= 1) e.text[k] = e.text[k - 1];
                                    e.text[at.cur_off] = ch;
                                    e.len += 1;
                                    at.cur_off += 1;
                                }
                            }
                        } else switch (key.codepoint) {
                            vaxis.Key.left => {
                                if (at.cur_off > 0) at.cur_off -= 1 else {
                                    at.cur_col = @max(0, at.cur_col - 1);
                                    at.cur_off = if (runAt(at, at.cur_row, at.cur_col)) |i| at.edits[i].len else 0;
                                }
                            },
                            vaxis.Key.right => {
                                const rl: u16 = if (runAt(at, at.cur_row, at.cur_col)) |i| at.edits[i].len else 0;
                                if (at.cur_off < rl) at.cur_off += 1 else {
                                    at.cur_col += 1;
                                    at.cur_off = 0;
                                }
                            },
                            vaxis.Key.up => {
                                const off: i32 = @intCast(at.term.screens.active.pages.scrollbar().offset);
                                at.cur_row = @max(off, at.cur_row - 1);
                                at.cur_off = 0;
                            },
                            vaxis.Key.down => {
                                const off: i32 = @intCast(at.term.screens.active.pages.scrollbar().offset);
                                at.cur_row = @min(off + @as(i32, at.rows) - 1, at.cur_row + 1);
                                at.cur_off = 0;
                            },
                            else => {},
                        }
                    } else {
                        // sym mode: forward to the pty as terminal input.
                        const bytes: ?[]const u8 = if (key.text) |text| text else switch (key.codepoint) {
                            vaxis.Key.enter => "\r",
                            vaxis.Key.backspace => "\x7f",
                            vaxis.Key.tab => "\t",
                            vaxis.Key.escape => "\x1b",
                            vaxis.Key.up => "\x1b[A",
                            vaxis.Key.down => "\x1b[B",
                            vaxis.Key.right => "\x1b[C",
                            vaxis.Key.left => "\x1b[D",
                            else => null,
                        };
                        if (bytes) |b| termWrite(at, b);
                    }
                }
            },
            .pty_read => |pr| {
                defer gpa.free(pr.bytes);
                if (terms[pr.id]) |t| t.stream.nextSlice(pr.bytes);
            },
            .pty_eof => |id| {
                if (terms[id]) |t| {
                    layoutRemove(&layout, id);
                    t.deinit(io, gpa);
                    gpa.destroy(t);
                    terms[id] = null;
                    // refocus the first surviving terminal; quit if none remain.
                    if (active == id) active = for (terms, 0..) |s, i| {
                        if (s != null) break i;
                    } else break;
                }
            },
            .winsize => |ws| {
                resize_count += 1;
                screen_w = ws.cols;
                screen_h = ws.rows;
                try vx.resize(gpa, tty.writer(), ws);
            },
            .quit => break,
            else => {},
        }

        // recompute geometry from the (possibly mutated) layout, then push any
        // grid-size change to each emulator + pty. Weights only change on a drag
        // *release*, so mid-drag the rects are unchanged and nothing resizes.
        computeGeom(&layout, &terms, screen_w, screen_h, &rects, &col_x, &col_w);
        for (&terms, 0..) |*slot, id| {
            if (slot.*) |t| {
                const r = rects[id];
                const cols = @max(1, r.w -| GUTTER);
                const rows = @max(1, r.h -| BOX_H); // the tag steals the top row
                if (cols != t.cols or rows != t.rows) {
                    t.term.resize(gpa, cols, rows) catch {};
                    pty_set_size(t.pty, rows, cols);
                    t.cols = cols;
                    t.rows = rows;
                }
            }
        }

        // ---- render ----
        const win = vx.window();
        win.clear();

        for (&terms, 0..) |*slot, id| {
            if (slot.*) |t| try renderPane(win, frame_arena.allocator(), t, rects[id], id == active);
        }

        // separators (the grips signal that borders are draggable)
        for (0..layout.ncol) |c| {
            if (c + 1 < layout.ncol) {
                const sx = col_x[c] + col_w[c];
                const mid = screen_h / 2;
                var ry: u16 = 0;
                while (ry < screen_h) : (ry += 1) {
                    const g: []const u8 = if (ry == mid) "⇔" else "│";
                    win.writeCell(sx, ry, .{ .char = .{ .grapheme = g }, .style = .{ .fg = .{ .rgb = gray.dim } } });
                }
            }
            const n = layout.col_n[c];
            var k: usize = 0;
            while (k + 1 < n) : (k += 1) {
                const r = rects[layout.col_terms[c][k]];
                const sy = r.y + r.h;
                const midx = col_x[c] + col_w[c] / 2;
                var rx: u16 = col_x[c];
                while (rx < col_x[c] + col_w[c]) : (rx += 1) {
                    const g: []const u8 = if (rx == midx) "⇕" else "─";
                    win.writeCell(rx, sy, .{ .char = .{ .grapheme = g }, .style = .{ .fg = .{ .rgb = gray.dim } } });
                }
            }
        }

        // dashed preview while dragging; commit happens on release.
        switch (drag) {
            .border_v => |d| {
                var ry: u16 = 0;
                while (ry < screen_h) : (ry += 1)
                    win.writeCell(d.cur_x, ry, .{ .char = .{ .grapheme = "╎" }, .style = .{ .fg = .{ .rgb = gray.lit } } });
            },
            .border_h => |d| {
                const c = d.col;
                var rx: u16 = col_x[c];
                while (rx < col_x[c] + col_w[c]) : (rx += 1)
                    win.writeCell(rx, d.cur_y, .{ .char = .{ .grapheme = "╌" }, .style = .{ .fg = .{ .rgb = gray.lit } } });
            },
            .move => |d| {
                // insertion indicator: dashed line at cur_y across the target column
                var tc: usize = if (layout.ncol > 0) layout.ncol - 1 else 0;
                for (0..layout.ncol) |c| {
                    if (d.cur_x >= col_x[c] and d.cur_x < col_x[c] + col_w[c]) {
                        tc = c;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                var rx: u16 = col_x[tc];
                while (rx < col_x[tc] + col_w[tc]) : (rx += 1)
                    win.writeCell(rx, d.cur_y, .{ .char = .{ .grapheme = "╌" }, .style = .{ .fg = .{ .rgb = gray.mid } } });
                win.writeCell(d.cur_x, d.cur_y, .{ .char = .{ .grapheme = "▌" }, .style = .{ .fg = .{ .rgb = gray.mid } } });
            },
            else => {},
        }

        // debug overlay: a small virtual-text box drawn last, on top of everything.
        // ov_buf lives across vx.render() — vaxis keeps slices into it (retained).
        if (terms[active]) |at| {
            var nlive: usize = 0;
            for (terms) |slot| {
                if (slot != null) nlive += 1;
            }
            const sb = at.term.screens.active.pages.scrollbar();
            const s = std.fmt.bufPrint(
                &ov_buf,
                "pardes  resizes={d}\nterms {d}  cols {d}\nactive #{d}  {d}x{d}\nscroll {d}/{d}",
                .{ resize_count, nlive, layout.ncol, active, at.cols, at.rows, sb.offset, sb.total },
            ) catch "";
            const ow: u16 = 26;
            const oh: u16 = 6;
            const ox: u16 = if (screen_w > ow) screen_w - ow else 0;
            const ov = win.child(.{ .x_off = ox, .y_off = 0, .width = ow, .height = oh, .border = .{ .where = .all } });
            ov.fill(.{ .char = .{ .grapheme = " " }, .style = .{ .bg = .{ .rgb = gray.bar } } });
            _ = ov.printSegment(.{ .text = s, .style = .{ .fg = .{ .rgb = gray.txt } } }, .{});
        }

        try vx.render(tty.writer());
        _ = frame_arena.reset(.retain_capacity);
    }
}

// On box-drag release: drop the window into the column under cur_x at the
// vertical slot picked by cur_y (acme's coldragwin, minus the live retile).
fn moveTerm(
    l: *Layout,
    rects: *const [MAX_TERMS]Rect,
    col_x: *const [MAX_COLS]u16,
    col_w: *const [MAX_COLS]u16,
    id: usize,
    cur_x: u16,
    cur_y: u16,
) void {
    const src = layoutFindTerm(l, id) orelse return;
    // target column under cur_x (last column absorbs anything past the right edge)
    var tc: usize = if (l.ncol > 0) l.ncol - 1 else 0;
    for (0..l.ncol) |c| {
        if (cur_x >= col_x[c] and cur_x < col_x[c] + col_w[c]) {
            tc = c;
            break;
        }
    }

    // insertion index in the target column, ignoring the moving window itself
    var ti: usize = 0;
    var k: usize = 0;
    while (k < l.col_n[tc]) : (k += 1) {
        const cid = l.col_terms[tc][k];
        if (cid == id) continue;
        const rr = rects[cid];
        if (cur_y < rr.y + rr.h / 2) break;
        ti += 1;
    }

    const src_solo = l.col_n[src.col] == 1;
    if (tc == src.col and src_solo) return; // dragging the only window of its column: nothing to do

    layoutRemove(l, id);
    if (src_solo and src.col < tc) tc -= 1; // removing src dropped a column to our left
    if (tc >= l.ncol) tc = l.ncol - 1;
    if (ti > l.col_n[tc]) ti = l.col_n[tc];
    layoutInsert(l, tc, ti, id);
}

// index of the run anchored exactly at (row, col), if any.
fn runAt(t: *Term, row: i32, col: i32) ?usize {
    for (t.edits[0..t.nedits], 0..) |e, i| if (e.row == row and e.col == col) return i;
    return null;
}

// rendered column of a position: original col + earlier-on-row insertions + the
// offset into the run at this col. (horizontal only; scrolling doesn't matter.)
fn renderedCol(t: *Term, row: i32, col: i32, off: u16) i32 {
    var rc: i32 = col + @as(i32, off);
    for (t.edits[0..t.nedits]) |e| if (e.row == row and e.col < col) {
        rc += @as(i32, e.len);
    };
    return rc;
}

// Splice this row's insertion runs into `line` (the raw tty text for absolute
// row `abs_row`), shifting the underlying text right rather than overwriting it.
fn spliceRow(alloc: std.mem.Allocator, out: *std.ArrayList(u8), t: *Term, abs_row: i32, line: []const u8) !void {
    var idxs: [Term.MAX_EDITS]usize = undefined;
    var n: usize = 0;
    for (t.edits[0..t.nedits], 0..) |e, i| if (e.row == abs_row and e.len > 0) {
        idxs[n] = i;
        n += 1;
    };
    // insertion-sort the runs by column (n is tiny)
    var a: usize = 1;
    while (a < n) : (a += 1) {
        const key = idxs[a];
        var b = a;
        while (b > 0 and t.edits[idxs[b - 1]].col > t.edits[key].col) : (b -= 1) idxs[b] = idxs[b - 1];
        idxs[b] = key;
    }
    var vpos: usize = 0; // original-line columns consumed so far
    for (idxs[0..n]) |i| {
        const e = &t.edits[i];
        const c: usize = @intCast(@max(0, e.col));
        if (c <= line.len) {
            if (c > vpos) try out.appendSlice(alloc, line[vpos..c]);
            vpos = c;
        } else {
            // run anchored past the text: emit the rest, then pad with spaces
            if (vpos < line.len) {
                try out.appendSlice(alloc, line[vpos..]);
                vpos = line.len;
            }
            while (vpos < c) : (vpos += 1) try out.append(alloc, ' ');
        }
        try out.appendSlice(alloc, e.text[0..e.len]);
    }
    if (vpos < line.len) try out.appendSlice(alloc, line[vpos..]);
}

// The terminal body with all insertion runs spliced in, newline-joined. This is
// the actual on-screen text: render and selection both read it, so there's no
// tty-vs-typed distinction. Caller frees.
fn bodyText(alloc: std.mem.Allocator, t: *Term) ![]u8 {
    const off: i32 = @intCast(t.term.screens.active.pages.scrollbar().offset);
    const body = try t.term.plainString(alloc);
    defer alloc.free(body);
    var out: std.ArrayList(u8) = .empty;
    errdefer out.deinit(alloc);
    // pad to the full grid height: plainString trims trailing blank rows, but we
    // must still be able to type (and splice) onto those blank rows.
    var it = std.mem.splitAny(u8, body, "\n");
    const nrows: i32 = @intCast(t.rows);
    var i: i32 = 0;
    while (i < nrows) : (i += 1) {
        if (i > 0) try out.append(alloc, '\n');
        const line = it.next() orelse "";
        try spliceRow(alloc, &out, t, i + off, line); // line i shows absolute row i+off
    }
    return out.toOwnedSlice(alloc);
}

// Block-selected text, newline-joined per row; caller frees. Reads the rendered
// screen (tag at visual row 0, spliced body below), so selecting typed text and
// tty text works identically.
fn selectionText(gpa: std.mem.Allocator, t: *Term, sl: Term.Sel) ![]u8 {
    const r0 = @min(sl.r0, sl.r1);
    const r1 = @max(sl.r0, sl.r1);
    const c0: usize = @intCast(@max(0, @min(sl.c0, sl.c1)));
    const c1: usize = @intCast(@max(0, @max(sl.c0, sl.c1)));
    const tag = try tagLine(gpa, t);
    defer gpa.free(tag);
    const body = try bodyText(gpa, t);
    defer gpa.free(body);
    const pane = try std.fmt.allocPrint(gpa, "{s}\n{s}", .{ tag, body });
    defer gpa.free(pane);
    var out: std.ArrayList(u8) = .empty;
    errdefer out.deinit(gpa);
    var it = std.mem.splitAny(u8, pane, "\n");
    var v: i32 = 0;
    var first = true;
    while (it.next()) |line| : (v += 1) {
        if (v < r0 or v > r1) continue;
        if (!first) try out.append(gpa, '\n');
        first = false;
        const b0 = @min(c0, line.len);
        const b1 = @min(c1 + 1, line.len);
        try out.appendSlice(gpa, line[b0..b1]);
    }
    return out.toOwnedSlice(gpa);
}

// Decide what a selection means. Middle button: a builtin name (comptime-matched
// against `builtins`) runs that builtin; anything else is sent to the terminal.
fn onSelect(button: Button, text: []const u8) SelectAction {
    if (button != .middle) return .none;
    const cmd = std.mem.trim(u8, text, " \t\r\n");
    if (cmd.len == 0) return .none;
    inline for (builtins) |b| {
        if (std.mem.eql(u8, cmd, b.name)) return b.action;
    }
    return .send;
}