modal + file_pane: rework editing math and pane behavior, config/syntax additions, unit tests

8 files changed, 772 insertions, 279 deletions

diff --git a/src/config.zig b/src/config.zig
index 9f18f75e..f58716e5 100644
--- a/src/config.zig
+++ b/src/config.zig
@@ -581,7 +581,10 @@ pub const MINH: u16 = 3;
 /// definition of "the word under the cursor" for Look, Execute, the tag chord
 /// and every search result row.
 pub fn isFileChar(c: u8) bool {
-    return std.ascii.isAlphanumeric(c) or switch (c) {
+    // Non-ASCII bytes belong to their UTF-8 word as a unit. Bounds are byte
+    // offsets, so accepting every high byte keeps Unicode paths/identifiers
+    // intact instead of returning a slice through one codepoint.
+    return c >= 0x80 or std.ascii.isAlphanumeric(c) or switch (c) {
         '.', '-', '+', '/', ':', '@', '_', '~' => true,
         else => false,
     };
@@ -677,7 +680,7 @@ pub const image_exts = [_][]const u8{ ".png", ".jpg", ".jpeg", ".gif", ".bmp", "
 /// token for them would be a divergence nothing asked for.
 pub const comment_token_default = "#";
 pub const comment_tokens: []const struct { exts: []const []const u8, token: []const u8 } = &.{
-    .{ .token = "//", .exts = &.{ ".zig", ".zon", ".c", ".h", ".cpp", ".cc", ".cxx", ".hpp", ".hh", ".hxx", ".rs", ".go", ".java", ".scala", ".sc", ".kt", ".kts", ".cs", ".csx", ".php", ".pas", ".pp", ".p", ".js", ".jsx", ".mjs", ".cjs", ".ts", ".tsx", ".swift", ".dart" } },
+    .{ .token = "//", .exts = &.{ ".zig", ".zon", ".c", ".h", ".cpp", ".cc", ".cxx", ".hpp", ".hh", ".hxx", ".rs", ".go", ".java", ".scala", ".sc", ".kt", ".kts", ".cs", ".csx", ".php", ".pas", ".pp", ".p", ".js", ".jsx", ".mjs", ".cjs", ".ts", ".tsx", ".typ", ".typst", ".swift", ".dart" } },
     .{ .token = "#", .exts = &.{ ".py", ".pyw", ".sh", ".bash", ".zsh", ".rb", ".rake", ".ex", ".exs", ".ps1", ".psm1", ".psd1", ".pl", ".pm", ".r", ".jl", ".nix", ".toml", ".yaml", ".yml", ".cmake", ".mk", ".tf" } },
     .{ .token = "--", .exts = &.{ ".lua", ".hs", ".lhs", ".elm", ".sql", ".adb", ".ads", ".ada" } },
     .{ .token = ";", .exts = &.{ ".clj", ".cljs", ".cljc", ".edn", ".el", ".lisp", ".scm", ".asm", ".s" } },
diff --git a/src/file_pane.zig b/src/file_pane.zig
index cf2b9571..abf37448 100644
--- a/src/file_pane.zig
+++ b/src/file_pane.zig
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 //! number gutter and the syntax recolor). The rest of a file pane's behaviour
 //! is the pane machinery in pardes.zig, which does not care what kind it is.
 const std = @import("std");
+const vaxis = @import("vaxis");
 const pardes = @import("pardes.zig");
 const config = @import("config.zig");
 const Pardes = pardes.Pardes;
@@ -82,13 +83,23 @@ pub fn dumpPane(
     };
 }
 
+pub fn graphemeDisplayWidth(grapheme: []const u8) usize {
+    if (std.mem.eql(u8, grapheme, "\t")) return config.tab_width;
+    return @max(1, @as(usize, vaxis.gwidth.gwidth(grapheme, .unicode)));
+}
+
 pub fn byteDisplayWidth(byte: u8) usize {
     return if (byte == '\t') config.tab_width else 1;
 }
 
 pub fn displayWidth(text: []const u8) usize {
     var width: usize = 0;
-    for (text) |byte| width +|= byteDisplayWidth(byte);
+    var at: usize = 0;
+    while (at < text.len) {
+        const end = modal.nextGrapheme(text, at);
+        width +|= graphemeDisplayWidth(text[at..end]);
+        at = end;
+    }
     return width;
 }
 
@@ -96,10 +107,13 @@ pub fn displayWidth(text: []const u8) usize {
 /// maps back to that one tab byte.
 pub fn byteAtDisplay(text: []const u8, display_col: usize) usize {
     var col: usize = 0;
-    for (text, 0..) |byte, i| {
-        const next = col +| byteDisplayWidth(byte);
-        if (display_col < next) return i;
+    var at: usize = 0;
+    while (at < text.len) {
+        const end = modal.nextGrapheme(text, at);
+        const next = col +| graphemeDisplayWidth(text[at..end]);
+        if (display_col < next) return at;
         col = next;
+        at = end;
     }
     return text.len;
 }
@@ -107,8 +121,8 @@ pub fn byteAtDisplay(text: []const u8, display_col: usize) usize {
 /// File cursor columns may live past EOL. Tabs expand before that boundary;
 /// every virtual column after it remains one screen cell.
 pub fn rawDisplayCol(line_text: []const u8, raw_col: usize) usize {
-    const bounded = @min(raw_col, line_text.len);
-    return displayWidth(line_text[0..bounded]) +| (raw_col - bounded);
+    const bounded = modal.graphemeStart(line_text, @min(raw_col, line_text.len));
+    return displayWidth(line_text[0..bounded]) +| (raw_col -| line_text.len);
 }
 
 pub fn rawAtDisplay(line_text: []const u8, display_col: usize) usize {
@@ -117,6 +131,27 @@ pub fn rawAtDisplay(line_text: []const u8, display_col: usize) usize {
     return byteAtDisplay(line_text, display_col);
 }
 
+pub fn byteAtDisplayFrom(line_text: []const u8, from_raw: usize, display_col: usize) usize {
+    if (from_raw >= line_text.len) return from_raw +| display_col;
+    const from = modal.graphemeStart(line_text, from_raw);
+    return from +| rawAtDisplay(line_text[from..], display_col);
+}
+
+pub fn lineDisplayOffset(line_text: []const u8, from_raw: usize, to_raw: usize) i32 {
+    const from_display = rawDisplayCol(line_text, from_raw);
+    const to_display = rawDisplayCol(line_text, to_raw);
+    if (to_display >= from_display) return @intCast(to_display - from_display);
+    return -@as(i32, @intCast(from_display - to_display));
+}
+
+pub fn lineDisplayEndOffset(line_text: []const u8, from_raw: usize, at_raw: usize) i32 {
+    const start = lineDisplayOffset(line_text, from_raw, at_raw);
+    if (at_raw >= line_text.len) return start;
+    const at = modal.graphemeStart(line_text, at_raw);
+    const end = modal.nextGrapheme(line_text, at);
+    return start + @as(i32, @intCast(graphemeDisplayWidth(line_text[at..end]))) - 1;
+}
+
 pub fn sourceLine(pane: *const Pane, row: i32) []const u8 {
     const f = pane.file orelse return "";
     if (row < 0) return "";
@@ -127,51 +162,60 @@ pub fn displayOffset(pane: *const Pane, row: i32, from_raw: i32, to_raw: i32) i3
     const line_text = sourceLine(pane, row);
     const from: usize = @intCast(@max(0, from_raw));
     const to: usize = @intCast(@max(0, to_raw));
-    const from_display = rawDisplayCol(line_text, from);
-    const to_display = rawDisplayCol(line_text, to);
-    if (to_display >= from_display) return @intCast(to_display - from_display);
-    return -@as(i32, @intCast(from_display - to_display));
+    return lineDisplayOffset(line_text, from, to);
 }
 
 pub fn displayEndOffset(pane: *const Pane, row: i32, from_raw: i32, at_raw: i32) i32 {
-    const start = displayOffset(pane, row, from_raw, at_raw);
     const line_text = sourceLine(pane, row);
-    const at: usize = @intCast(@max(0, at_raw));
-    if (at >= line_text.len) return start;
-    return start + @as(i32, @intCast(byteDisplayWidth(line_text[at]))) - 1;
+    return lineDisplayEndOffset(line_text, @intCast(@max(0, from_raw)), @intCast(@max(0, at_raw)));
 }
 
 pub fn byteAtRowDisplay(pane: *const Pane, row: i32, from_raw: i32, display_col: i32) i32 {
     const line_text = sourceLine(pane, row);
-    const from: usize = @intCast(@max(0, from_raw));
-    const display: usize = @intCast(@max(0, display_col));
-    if (from >= line_text.len) return @intCast(from +| display);
-    return @intCast(from +| rawAtDisplay(line_text[from..], display));
+    return @intCast(byteAtDisplayFrom(line_text, @intCast(@max(0, from_raw)), @intCast(@max(0, display_col))));
 }
 
-/// Convert between rendered pane rows (whose file body includes PREFIX_W)
-/// and source-byte columns. Non-file rows are already in byte coordinates.
+/// Convert between rendered cells and UTF-8 byte columns. Tag rows always
+/// need grapheme conversion; file body rows additionally skip PREFIX_W.
 pub fn renderedLineByteCol(pane: *const Pane, row: i32, line_text: []const u8, display_col: usize) usize {
-    if (pane.file == null or row < pardes.BOX_H) return display_col;
+    if (row < pardes.BOX_H) return rawAtDisplay(line_text, display_col);
+    if (pane.file == null) return rawAtDisplay(line_text, display_col);
     const prefix = @min(@as(usize, config.PREFIX_W), line_text.len);
     if (display_col <= prefix) return display_col;
     return prefix +| rawAtDisplay(line_text[prefix..], display_col - prefix);
 }
 
 pub fn renderedLineDisplayCol(pane: *const Pane, row: i32, line_text: []const u8, byte_col: usize) usize {
-    if (pane.file == null or row < pardes.BOX_H) return byte_col;
+    if (row < pardes.BOX_H) return rawDisplayCol(line_text, byte_col);
+    if (pane.file == null) return rawDisplayCol(line_text, byte_col);
     const prefix = @min(@as(usize, config.PREFIX_W), line_text.len);
     if (byte_col <= prefix) return byte_col;
     return prefix +| rawDisplayCol(line_text[prefix..], byte_col - prefix);
 }
 
+test "display columns map complete Unicode graphemes" {
+    const text = "é界e\u{301}x";
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 5), displayWidth(text));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 0), byteAtDisplay(text, 0));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 2), byteAtDisplay(text, 1));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 2), byteAtDisplay(text, 2));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 5), byteAtDisplay(text, 3));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 8), byteAtDisplay(text, 4));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(text.len, byteAtDisplay(text, 5));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 3), rawDisplayCol(text, 5));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 5), rawAtDisplay(text, 3));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 2), graphemeDisplayWidth("👩\u{200d}🚀"));
+}
+
 fn fitEnd(text: []const u8, start: usize, width: usize) usize {
     var end = start;
     var used: usize = 0;
-    while (end < text.len) : (end += 1) {
-        const next = used +| byteDisplayWidth(text[end]);
-        if (next > width) return if (end == start) start + 1 else end;
-        used = next;
+    while (end < text.len) {
+        const next_end = modal.nextGrapheme(text, end);
+        const next_used = used +| graphemeDisplayWidth(text[end..next_end]);
+        if (next_used > width) return if (end == start) next_end else end;
+        used = next_used;
+        end = next_end;
     }
     return end;
 }
@@ -253,7 +297,7 @@ pub fn textOffset(pane: *Pane, text: []const u8, cursor: modal.Cursor) usize {
     const row = @min(cursor.row, index.len - 1);
     const start = index[row];
     const end = if (row + 1 < index.len) index[row + 1] - 1 else text.len;
-    return @min(start + cursor.col, end);
+    return start + modal.graphemeStart(text[start..end], @min(cursor.col, end - start));
 }
 
 pub fn textLineStart(pane: *Pane, text: []const u8, row: usize) usize {
@@ -274,7 +318,9 @@ pub fn textPosition(pane: *Pane, text: []const u8, offset: usize) modal.Cursor {
             return std.math.order(key, item);
         }
     }.cmp) - 1;
-    return .{ .row = row, .col = bounded - index[row] };
+    const start = index[row];
+    const end = if (row + 1 < index.len) index[row + 1] - 1 else text.len;
+    return .{ .row = row, .col = modal.graphemeStart(text[start..end], @min(bounded - start, end - start)) };
 }
 
 pub fn open(p: *Pardes, id: usize, path: []const u8, line: usize) !*Pane {
@@ -577,17 +623,14 @@ fn fillBody(dst: ?[]u8, pane: *Pane, f: *State, width: usize, record_wrap: bool)
             if (dst) |out| @memcpy(out[written..][0..prefix.len], prefix);
             written += prefix.len;
 
-            // A byte cut, like the hscroll one below, and it can land inside a
-            // multi-byte glyph for the same reason: columns here are BYTES.
-            // Surface.print decodes by hand and emits U+FFFD per undecodable
-            // byte, so a split glyph renders as a replacement char rather than
-            // panicking — see test/snapshots/badutf.snap. It cannot overflow
-            // the pane either: a UTF-8 sequence is never fewer bytes than the
-            // cells it draws in.
+            // Wrap and horizontal-scroll cuts are always grapheme boundaries.
+            // Source columns remain byte offsets, while widths are terminal
+            // cells; keeping the conversion here prevents a view operation
+            // from manufacturing malformed UTF-8.
             const end = if (width == 0) text.len else fitEnd(text, at, width);
             const take = end - at;
             const cut = if (pane.hscroll > 0 and width == 0)
-                @min(@as(usize, @intCast(pane.hscroll)), take)
+                modal.graphemeStart(text[at..end], @min(@as(usize, @intCast(pane.hscroll)), take))
             else
                 0;
             const shown = text[at + cut .. end];
@@ -690,10 +733,12 @@ pub fn recolorSyntax(p: *Pardes, pane: *Pane, f: *State, r: pardes.Rect, tx: u16
             else
                 line.len;
         }
+        hs = modal.graphemeStart(line, @min(hs, line.len));
         var c: usize = 0;
         var screen_c: usize = 0;
-        while (hs + c < limit and config.PREFIX_W + screen_c < tw) : (c += 1) {
-            const cells = byteDisplayWidth(line[hs + c]);
+        while (hs + c < limit and config.PREFIX_W + screen_c < tw) {
+            const grapheme_end = @min(limit, modal.nextGrapheme(line, hs + c));
+            const cells = graphemeDisplayWidth(line[hs + c .. grapheme_end]);
             const idx = base + hs + c;
             if (idx >= f.highlight_start) {
                 const hidx = idx - f.highlight_start;
@@ -710,6 +755,7 @@ pub fn recolorSyntax(p: *Pardes, pane: *Pane, f: *State, r: pardes.Rect, tx: u16
                 }
             }
             screen_c += cells;
+            c = grapheme_end - hs;
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/grammar_manifest.zig b/src/grammar_manifest.zig
index bd89e0a0..101cd6f6 100644
--- a/src/grammar_manifest.zig
+++ b/src/grammar_manifest.zig
@@ -40,5 +40,6 @@ pub const all = [_]Grammar{
     .{ .name = "ruby", .dep = "ts_ruby", .exts = &.{ ".rb", ".rake" }, .tier = .full, .scanner = true },
     .{ .name = "rust", .dep = "ts_rust", .exts = &.{".rs"}, .tier = .full, .scanner = true },
     .{ .name = "scala", .dep = "ts_scala", .exts = &.{ ".scala", ".sc" }, .tier = .full, .scanner = true },
+    .{ .name = "typst", .dep = "ts_typst", .exts = &.{ ".typ", ".typst" }, .tier = .full, .scanner = true, .query = "queries/typst/highlights.scm" },
     .{ .name = "zig", .dep = "ts_zig", .exts = &.{ ".zig", ".zon" }, .tier = .zig },
 };
diff --git a/src/modal.zig b/src/modal.zig
index 6ab7ee35..a98cfeb4 100644
--- a/src/modal.zig
+++ b/src/modal.zig
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 const std = @import("std");
+const uucode = @import("uucode");
 
 // Modal-editing text math, kept free of vaxis/ghostty so it can be unit-tested
 // in isolation (see the `unit-test` build step). main.zig wires this onto the
 // pane's cursor + (for file panes) its content.
 //
-// The cursor sits ON a character: col is a char index in [0, line.len]; col ==
-// line.len means "on the line terminator / after the last char". Motions are
-// written to land on real characters; main.zig clamps for display.
+// The cursor sits ON a grapheme: col is its UTF-8 byte offset in
+// [0, line.len]; col == line.len means "on the line terminator / after the
+// last grapheme". Motions never leave a cursor in the middle of UTF-8 or an
+// extended grapheme cluster.
 
 pub const Cursor = struct {
     row: usize = 0,
@@ -21,23 +23,57 @@ pub const Cursor = struct {
 // non-ws, ws = space/tab/newline).
 pub const Kind = enum { word, punct, ws };
 
+fn codepointAt(text: []const u8, off: usize) u21 {
+    if (off >= text.len) return 0xFFFD;
+    const n = std.unicode.utf8ByteSequenceLength(text[off]) catch return 0xFFFD;
+    if (off + n > text.len) return 0xFFFD;
+    return std.unicode.utf8Decode(text[off .. off + n]) catch 0xFFFD;
+}
+
+fn isUnicodeWhitespace(cp: u21) bool {
+    if (cp == ' ' or (cp >= '\t' and cp <= '\r') or cp == 0x85) return true;
+    return switch (uucode.get(.general_category, cp)) {
+        .separator_space, .separator_line, .separator_paragraph => true,
+        else => false,
+    };
+}
+
+fn kindOfCodepoint(cp: u21) Kind {
+    if (isUnicodeWhitespace(cp)) return .ws;
+    if (cp == '_') return .word;
+    return switch (uucode.get(.general_category, cp)) {
+        .letter_uppercase,
+        .letter_lowercase,
+        .letter_titlecase,
+        .letter_modifier,
+        .letter_other,
+        .mark_nonspacing,
+        .mark_spacing_combining,
+        .mark_enclosing,
+        .number_decimal_digit,
+        .number_letter,
+        .number_other,
+        .punctuation_connector,
+        => .word,
+        else => .punct,
+    };
+}
+
 pub fn kindOf(c: u8) Kind {
-    if (c == ' ' or c == '\t' or c == '\n' or c == '\r') return .ws;
-    if (std.ascii.isAlphanumeric(c) or c == '_') return .word;
-    return .punct;
+    return kindOfCodepoint(c);
 }
 
 // "long word" (W/B/E): only whitespace separates; punct is part of a word.
-fn kindOfLong(c: u8) Kind {
-    if (c == ' ' or c == '\t' or c == '\n' or c == '\r') return .ws;
-    return .word;
+fn kindOfLong(cp: u21) Kind {
+    return if (isUnicodeWhitespace(cp)) .ws else .word;
 }
 
 fn kindAt(lines: []const []const u8, c: Cursor, long: bool) Kind {
     if (c.row >= lines.len) return .ws;
     const line = lines[c.row];
     if (c.col >= line.len) return .ws; // line terminator / EOF = whitespace
-    return if (long) kindOfLong(line[c.col]) else kindOf(line[c.col]);
+    const cp = codepointAt(line, graphemeStart(line, c.col));
+    return if (long) kindOfLong(cp) else kindOfCodepoint(cp);
 }
 
 fn lineLenOf(lines: []const []const u8, row: usize) usize {
@@ -51,7 +87,7 @@ fn stepFwd(lines: []const []const u8, c: *Cursor) bool {
     if (c.row >= lines.len) return false;
     const llen = lineLenOf(lines, c.row);
     if (c.col < llen) {
-        c.col += 1;
+        c.col = nextGrapheme(lines[c.row], c.col);
         return true;
     }
     // at the newline: move to next line start
@@ -65,7 +101,7 @@ fn stepFwd(lines: []const []const u8, c: *Cursor) bool {
 
 fn stepBwd(lines: []const []const u8, c: *Cursor) bool {
     if (c.col > 0) {
-        c.col -= 1;
+        c.col = prevGrapheme(lines[c.row], c.col);
         return true;
     }
     if (c.row == 0) return false;
@@ -83,7 +119,7 @@ fn atEof(lines: []const []const u8, c: Cursor) bool {
 
 pub fn firstNonWs(line: []const u8) usize {
     var i: usize = 0;
-    while (i < line.len and (line[i] == ' ' or line[i] == '\t')) i += 1;
+    while (i < line.len and isUnicodeWhitespace(codepointAt(line, i))) i = nextGrapheme(line, i);
     return i;
 }
 
@@ -95,7 +131,7 @@ pub fn lineStart(c: Cursor) Cursor {
 
 pub fn lineEnd(lines: []const []const u8, c: Cursor) Cursor {
     const llen = lineLenOf(lines, c.row);
-    return .{ .row = c.row, .col = if (llen == 0) 0 else llen - 1 };
+    return .{ .row = c.row, .col = if (llen == 0) 0 else prevGrapheme(lines[c.row], llen) };
 }
 
 pub fn firstNonWsOf(lines: []const []const u8, c: Cursor) Cursor {
@@ -107,28 +143,33 @@ pub fn firstNonWsOf(lines: []const []const u8, c: Cursor) Cursor {
 
 // ---- char/line motions ----
 
-pub fn charLeft(c: Cursor) Cursor {
-    return .{ .row = c.row, .col = if (c.col > 0) c.col - 1 else 0 };
+pub fn charLeft(lines: []const []const u8, c: Cursor) Cursor {
+    if (c.row >= lines.len) return .{ .row = c.row, .col = 0 };
+    return .{ .row = c.row, .col = prevGrapheme(lines[c.row], @min(c.col, lines[c.row].len)) };
 }
 
 pub fn charRight(lines: []const []const u8, c: Cursor) Cursor {
     const llen = lineLenOf(lines, c.row);
-    const last = if (llen == 0) 0 else llen - 1;
-    return .{ .row = c.row, .col = if (c.col < last) c.col + 1 else last };
+    const last = if (llen == 0) 0 else prevGrapheme(lines[c.row], llen);
+    return .{ .row = c.row, .col = if (c.col < last) @min(nextGrapheme(lines[c.row], c.col), last) else last };
+}
+
+fn clampLineCol(line: []const u8, col: usize) usize {
+    if (line.len == 0) return 0;
+    const last = prevGrapheme(line, line.len);
+    return graphemeStart(line, @min(col, last));
 }
 
 pub fn lineDown(lines: []const []const u8, c: Cursor) Cursor {
     const nr = if (c.row + 1 < lines.len) c.row + 1 else c.row;
     const llen = lineLenOf(lines, nr);
-    const last = if (llen == 0) 0 else llen - 1;
-    return .{ .row = nr, .col = if (c.col < last) c.col else last };
+    return .{ .row = nr, .col = if (llen == 0) 0 else clampLineCol(lines[nr], c.col) };
 }
 
 pub fn lineUp(lines: []const []const u8, c: Cursor) Cursor {
     const nr = if (c.row > 0) c.row - 1 else c.row;
     const llen = lineLenOf(lines, nr);
-    const last = if (llen == 0) 0 else llen - 1;
-    return .{ .row = nr, .col = if (c.col < last) c.col else last };
+    return .{ .row = nr, .col = if (llen == 0) 0 else clampLineCol(lines[nr], c.col) };
 }
 
 // ---- word motions ----
@@ -205,19 +246,22 @@ pub fn gotoLast(lines: []const []const u8) Cursor {
 }
 
 // the character the cursor sits on; line terminators / EOF read as '\n'.
-fn charAt(lines: []const []const u8, c: Cursor) u8 {
+fn codepointAtCursor(lines: []const []const u8, c: Cursor) u21 {
     if (c.row >= lines.len) return '\n';
     const line = lines[c.row];
     if (c.col >= line.len) return '\n';
-    return line[c.col];
+    return codepointAt(line, graphemeStart(line, c.col));
+}
+
+fn charAt(lines: []const []const u8, c: Cursor) u8 {
+    const cp = codepointAtCursor(lines, c);
+    return if (cp <= 0x7f) @intCast(cp) else 0;
 }
 
 // `f`/`F`/`t`/`T`: the nth occurrence of `ch` after/before the cursor, across
 // line boundaries (helix: not confined to the line). `till` stops one position
 // short of the hit. Returns null (no move) when there aren't n occurrences.
 pub fn findChar(lines: []const []const u8, c: Cursor, ch: u21, fwd: bool, till: bool, n: usize) ?Cursor {
-    if (ch > 0x7f) return null; // ponytail: ASCII targets only (byte columns)
-    const target: u8 = @intCast(ch);
     var p = clampToChar(lines, c);
     var left = if (n == 0) 1 else n;
     while (left > 0) {
@@ -226,7 +270,7 @@ pub fn findChar(lines: []const []const u8, c: Cursor, ch: u21, fwd: bool, till:
         } else {
             if (!stepBwd(lines, &p)) return null;
         }
-        if (charAt(lines, p) == target) left -= 1;
+        if (codepointAtCursor(lines, p) == ch) left -= 1;
     }
     if (till) {
         if (fwd) _ = stepBwd(lines, &p) else _ = stepFwd(lines, &p);
@@ -369,16 +413,32 @@ pub fn wordRange(lines: []const []const u8, c0: Cursor, long: bool, around: bool
     const k = kindAt(lines, c, long);
     if (k == .ws) return null;
     var lo = c.col;
-    while (lo > 0 and kindAt(lines, .{ .row = c.row, .col = lo - 1 }, long) == k) lo -= 1;
+    while (lo > 0) {
+        const prev = prevGrapheme(line, lo);
+        if (kindAt(lines, .{ .row = c.row, .col = prev }, long) != k) break;
+        lo = prev;
+    }
     var hi = c.col;
-    while (hi + 1 < line.len and kindAt(lines, .{ .row = c.row, .col = hi + 1 }, long) == k) hi += 1;
+    while (true) {
+        const next = nextGrapheme(line, hi);
+        if (next >= line.len or kindAt(lines, .{ .row = c.row, .col = next }, long) != k) break;
+        hi = next;
+    }
     if (around) {
         var h2 = hi;
-        while (h2 + 1 < line.len and (line[h2 + 1] == ' ' or line[h2 + 1] == '\t')) h2 += 1;
+        while (true) {
+            const next = nextGrapheme(line, h2);
+            if (next >= line.len or kindAt(lines, .{ .row = c.row, .col = next }, long) != .ws) break;
+            h2 = next;
+        }
         if (h2 != hi) {
             hi = h2;
         } else {
-            while (lo > 0 and (line[lo - 1] == ' ' or line[lo - 1] == '\t')) lo -= 1;
+            while (lo > 0) {
+                const prev = prevGrapheme(line, lo);
+                if (kindAt(lines, .{ .row = c.row, .col = prev }, long) != .ws) break;
+                lo = prev;
+            }
         }
     }
     return .{ .a = .{ .row = c.row, .col = lo }, .b = .{ .row = c.row, .col = hi } };
@@ -403,7 +463,7 @@ pub fn paragraphRange(lines: []const []const u8, c0: Cursor, around: bool) ?Rang
         }
     }
     const llen = lineLenOf(lines, r1);
-    return .{ .a = .{ .row = r0, .col = 0 }, .b = .{ .row = r1, .col = if (llen == 0) 0 else llen - 1 } };
+    return .{ .a = .{ .row = r0, .col = 0 }, .b = .{ .row = r1, .col = if (llen == 0) 0 else prevGrapheme(lines[r1], llen) } };
 }
 
 // ---- helpers used by motions + main.zig ----
@@ -415,7 +475,7 @@ pub fn clampToChar(lines: []const []const u8, c: Cursor) Cursor {
     }
     const llen = lineLenOf(lines, c.row);
     if (llen == 0) return .{ .row = c.row, .col = 0 };
-    return .{ .row = c.row, .col = @min(c.col, llen - 1) };
+    return .{ .row = c.row, .col = clampLineCol(lines[c.row], c.col) };
 }
 
 pub fn lineCount(content: []const u8) usize {
@@ -465,8 +525,9 @@ pub fn insertAt(alloc: std.mem.Allocator, content: []const u8, c: Cursor, text:
 pub fn deleteChar(alloc: std.mem.Allocator, content: []const u8, c: Cursor) ![]u8 {
     const line = lineSlice(content, c.row);
     if (c.col >= line.len) return alloc.dupe(u8, content);
-    const off = lineStartOffset(content, c.row) + c.col;
-    return spliceAlloc(alloc, content, off, off + 1, "");
+    const col = graphemeStart(line, c.col);
+    const line_start = lineStartOffset(content, c.row);
+    return spliceAlloc(alloc, content, line_start + col, line_start + nextGrapheme(line, col), "");
 }
 
 // delete whole lines [r0, r1] inclusive (the line content + their terminators).
@@ -520,9 +581,13 @@ fn rangeBytes(content: []const u8, a: Cursor, b: Cursor) struct { s: usize, e: u
         lo = b;
         hi = a;
     }
-    const s = lineStartOffset(content, lo.row) + @min(lo.col, lineSlice(content, lo.row).len);
-    var e = lineStartOffset(content, hi.row) + @min(hi.col, lineSlice(content, hi.row).len);
-    if (e < content.len) e += 1; // include the char under the head
+    const lo_line = lineSlice(content, lo.row);
+    const hi_line = lineSlice(content, hi.row);
+    const lo_col = graphemeStart(lo_line, @min(lo.col, lo_line.len));
+    const hi_col = graphemeStart(hi_line, @min(hi.col, hi_line.len));
+    const s = lineStartOffset(content, lo.row) + lo_col;
+    var e = lineStartOffset(content, hi.row) + hi_col;
+    if (e < content.len) e = nextGrapheme(content, e); // include the grapheme under the head
     return .{ .s = s, .e = @max(s, e) };
 }
 
@@ -593,10 +658,22 @@ pub fn replaceRange(alloc: std.mem.Allocator, content: []const u8, a: Cursor, b:
 
 // `r<ch>`: overwrite every char in the inclusive range [a, b] with `ch` —
 // NEWLINES TOO (helix replace maps every grapheme, so `xrz` joins lines).
-pub fn replaceChars(alloc: std.mem.Allocator, content: []const u8, a: Cursor, b: Cursor, ch: u8) ![]u8 {
+pub fn replaceChars(alloc: std.mem.Allocator, content: []const u8, a: Cursor, b: Cursor, ch: u21) ![]u8 {
     const r = rangeBytes(content, a, b);
-    const out = try alloc.dupe(u8, content);
-    for (out[r.s..r.e]) |*p| p.* = ch;
+    var encoded: [4]u8 = undefined;
+    const encoded_len = try std.unicode.utf8Encode(ch, &encoded);
+    var count: usize = 0;
+    var at = r.s;
+    while (at < r.e) : (count += 1) at = nextGrapheme(content, at);
+    const replacement_len = count * encoded_len;
+    const out = try alloc.alloc(u8, content.len - (r.e - r.s) + replacement_len);
+    @memcpy(out[0..r.s], content[0..r.s]);
+    var write = r.s;
+    for (0..count) |_| {
+        @memcpy(out[write..][0..encoded_len], encoded[0..encoded_len]);
+        write += encoded_len;
+    }
+    @memcpy(out[write..], content[r.e..]);
     return out;
 }
 
@@ -729,9 +806,9 @@ pub fn deleteSpan(alloc: std.mem.Allocator, content: []const u8, a: Cursor, b: C
 //
 // Gap-offset ranges over the FLAT buffer, ported faithfully from
 // helix-core/src/movement.rs + selection.rs @ 278b24389 (the genizah
-// checkout). Positions are gap offsets 0..=text.len — "char indices" in
-// helix terms, bytes here (ASCII-exact; UTF-8 stepped by sequence, matching
-// the byte-column convention of the rest of pardes). A range with
+// checkout). Positions are UTF-8 gap offsets 0..=text.len. Stored columns
+// remain byte offsets, but every range boundary is an extended-grapheme
+// boundary. A range with
 // head > anchor selects [anchor, head) with the block cursor ON head-1;
 // head < anchor selects [head, anchor) with the cursor ON head. The
 // differential suite (test/hxcases, `zig build hxdiff`) pins every behavior
@@ -739,19 +816,58 @@ pub fn deleteSpan(alloc: std.mem.Allocator, content: []const u8, a: Cursor, b: C
 
 pub const HxRange = struct { anchor: usize, head: usize };
 
-/// one grapheme forward (UTF-8 sequence step), clamped at text.len
+/// The grapheme containing `off`, or text.len at EOF. This is also the repair
+/// path for stale/external byte columns that happen to point into UTF-8.
+pub fn graphemeStart(text: []const u8, off: usize) usize {
+    const bounded = @min(off, text.len);
+    if (bounded == text.len) return text.len;
+    var it = uucode.grapheme.utf8Iterator(text);
+    while (it.nextGrapheme()) |g| {
+        if (bounded < g.end) return g.start;
+    }
+    return text.len;
+}
+
+/// one extended grapheme forward, clamped at text.len
 pub fn nextGrapheme(text: []const u8, off: usize) usize {
     if (off >= text.len) return text.len;
-    var o = off + 1;
-    while (o < text.len and (text[o] & 0xC0) == 0x80) o += 1;
-    return o;
+    // The editor's own offsets are already boundaries. Keep the overwhelmingly
+    // common ASCII path O(1); only repair a continuation-byte input here.
+    if (text[off] < 0x80 and (off + 1 == text.len or text[off + 1] < 0x80)) return off + 1;
+    var start = off;
+    while (start > 0 and (text[start] & 0xC0) == 0x80) start -= 1;
+    if (start != off) start = graphemeStart(text, off);
+    var it = uucode.grapheme.utf8Iterator(text[start..]);
+    const g = it.nextGrapheme() orelse return @min(start + 1, text.len);
+    return start + g.end;
 }
 
 pub fn prevGrapheme(text: []const u8, off: usize) usize {
-    if (off == 0) return 0;
-    var o = off - 1;
-    while (o > 0 and (text[o] & 0xC0) == 0x80) o -= 1;
-    return o;
+    var bounded = @min(off, text.len);
+    if (bounded < text.len) {
+        const repaired = graphemeStart(text, bounded);
+        if (repaired < bounded) return repaired;
+        bounded = repaired;
+    }
+    if (bounded == 0) return 0;
+    if (text[bounded - 1] < 0x80 and (bounded == 1 or text[bounded - 2] < 0x80)) return bounded - 1;
+    // Graphemes cannot cross a line break. Restrict the forward segmentation
+    // needed for a reverse step to the current line instead of rescanning the
+    // complete buffer.
+    const line_start = if (std.mem.lastIndexOfScalar(u8, text[0 .. bounded - 1], '\n')) |nl| nl + 1 else 0;
+    if (line_start == bounded) return bounded - 1; // the newline is its own editor cell
+    var it = uucode.grapheme.utf8Iterator(text[line_start..bounded]);
+    var last = line_start;
+    while (it.nextGrapheme()) |g| last = line_start + g.start;
+    return last;
+}
+
+/// Byte offset of the zero-based grapheme column, clamped to the line end.
+pub fn graphemeAtColumn(text: []const u8, column: usize) usize {
+    var at: usize = 0;
+    var col: usize = 0;
+    while (at < text.len and col < column) : (col += 1) at = nextGrapheme(text, at);
+    return at;
 }
 
 /// the block cursor cell of a range (helix Range::cursor)
@@ -792,14 +908,16 @@ pub fn hxLineEndIdx(text: []const u8, line: usize) usize {
 
 /// gap offset -> (row, col) cell
 pub fn hxPos(text: []const u8, off: usize) Cursor {
-    const o = @min(off, text.len);
+    const bounded = @min(off, text.len);
     // The line start is the byte after the last '\n' BEFORE off, which is the
     // same number lineStartOffset(text, row) walks the whole prefix to reach —
     // one backward scan of a single line instead of a second pass over
     // everything above the cursor. On a multi-MB buffer that second pass was
     // most of what a keystroke cost.
-    const s = if (std.mem.lastIndexOfScalar(u8, text[0..o], '\n')) |nl| nl + 1 else 0;
-    return .{ .row = hxLineOf(text, off), .col = o - s };
+    const s = if (std.mem.lastIndexOfScalar(u8, text[0..bounded], '\n')) |nl| nl + 1 else 0;
+    const e = std.mem.indexOfScalarPos(u8, text, s, '\n') orelse text.len;
+    const col = graphemeStart(text[s..e], @min(bounded - s, e - s));
+    return .{ .row = hxLineOf(text, s + col), .col = col };
 }
 
 /// (row, col) -> clamped gap offset; col == line length lands ON the '\n'
@@ -809,7 +927,8 @@ pub fn hxOff(text: []const u8, c: Cursor) usize {
     // hxLineEndIdx(text, row) inlined: it starts by walking to `row` again,
     // and we are already standing there
     const e = std.mem.indexOfScalarPos(u8, text, s, '\n') orelse text.len;
-    return @min(s + c.col, e);
+    const raw = @min(c.col, e - s);
+    return s + graphemeStart(text[s..e], raw);
 }
 
 pub const WordTarget = enum {
@@ -827,35 +946,36 @@ pub const WordTarget = enum {
 // that distinction is load-bearing in reached_target.
 const HxCat = enum { word, punct, ws, eol };
 
-fn hxCat(b: u8) HxCat {
-    if (b == '\n' or b == '\r') return .eol;
-    if (b == ' ' or b == '\t' or b == 0x0b or b == 0x0c) return .ws;
-    if (std.ascii.isAlphanumeric(b) or b == '_' or b >= 0x80) return .word;
-    return .punct;
+fn hxCatAt(text: []const u8, off: usize) HxCat {
+    if (off >= text.len) return .eol;
+    const cp = codepointAt(text, off);
+    if (cp == '\n' or cp == '\r') return .eol;
+    return switch (kindOfCodepoint(cp)) {
+        .word => .word,
+        .punct => .punct,
+        .ws => .ws,
+    };
 }
 
-fn hxIsWs(b: u8) bool { // Rust char::is_whitespace (includes line endings)
-    const c = hxCat(b);
+fn hxIsWs(c: HxCat) bool { // Rust char::is_whitespace (includes line endings)
     return c == .ws or c == .eol;
 }
 
-fn hxIsWordBoundary(a: u8, b: u8) bool {
-    return hxCat(a) != hxCat(b);
+fn hxIsWordBoundary(a: HxCat, b: HxCat) bool {
+    return a != b;
 }
 
-fn hxIsLongBoundary(a: u8, b: u8) bool {
-    const ca = hxCat(a);
-    const cb = hxCat(b);
-    if ((ca == .word and cb == .punct) or (ca == .punct and cb == .word)) return false;
-    return ca != cb;
+fn hxIsLongBoundary(a: HxCat, b: HxCat) bool {
+    if ((a == .word and b == .punct) or (a == .punct and b == .word)) return false;
+    return a != b;
 }
 
-fn hxReached(target: WordTarget, prev: u8, next: u8) bool {
+fn hxReached(target: WordTarget, prev: HxCat, next: HxCat) bool {
     return switch (target) {
-        .next_word_start, .prev_word_end => hxIsWordBoundary(prev, next) and (hxCat(next) == .eol or !hxIsWs(next)),
-        .next_word_end, .prev_word_start => hxIsWordBoundary(prev, next) and (!hxIsWs(prev) or hxCat(next) == .eol),
-        .next_long_word_start, .prev_long_word_end => hxIsLongBoundary(prev, next) and (hxCat(next) == .eol or !hxIsWs(next)),
-        .next_long_word_end, .prev_long_word_start => hxIsLongBoundary(prev, next) and (!hxIsWs(prev) or hxCat(next) == .eol),
+        .next_word_start, .prev_word_end => hxIsWordBoundary(prev, next) and (next == .eol or !hxIsWs(next)),
+        .next_word_end, .prev_word_start => hxIsWordBoundary(prev, next) and (!hxIsWs(prev) or next == .eol),
+        .next_long_word_start, .prev_long_word_end => hxIsLongBoundary(prev, next) and (next == .eol or !hxIsWs(next)),
+        .next_long_word_end, .prev_long_word_start => hxIsLongBoundary(prev, next) and (!hxIsWs(prev) or next == .eol),
     };
 }
 
@@ -896,45 +1016,35 @@ fn hxRangeToTarget(text: []const u8, target: WordTarget, origin: HxRange, is_pre
     var anchor = origin.anchor;
     var head = origin.head;
     var it = origin.head;
-    var prev_ch: ?u8 = if (is_prev)
-        (if (it < text.len) text[it] else null)
+    var prev_cat: ?HxCat = if (is_prev)
+        (if (it < text.len) hxCatAt(text, it) else null)
     else
-        (if (it > 0) text[it - 1] else null);
+        (if (it > 0) hxCatAt(text, prevGrapheme(text, it)) else null);
 
     // skip any initial newline characters
     while (true) {
-        const ch: u8 = if (is_prev) blk: {
-            if (it == 0) break;
-            break :blk text[it - 1];
-        } else blk: {
-            if (it >= text.len) break;
-            break :blk text[it];
-        };
-        if (ch != '\n' and ch != '\r') break;
-        if (is_prev) it -= 1 else it += 1;
-        prev_ch = ch;
-        if (is_prev) head -|= 1 else head += 1;
+        if ((is_prev and it == 0) or (!is_prev and it >= text.len)) break;
+        const cell = if (is_prev) prevGrapheme(text, it) else it;
+        const cat = hxCatAt(text, cell);
+        if (cat != .eol) break;
+        it = if (is_prev) cell else nextGrapheme(text, cell);
+        prev_cat = cat;
+        head = it;
     }
-    if (prev_ch != null and hxCat(prev_ch.?) == .eol) anchor = head;
+    if (prev_cat == .eol) anchor = head;
 
     // find the target position
     const head_start = head;
     while (true) {
-        const next_ch: u8 = if (is_prev) blk: {
-            if (it == 0) break;
-            it -= 1;
-            break :blk text[it];
-        } else blk: {
-            if (it >= text.len) break;
-            const c = text[it];
-            it += 1;
-            break :blk c;
-        };
-        if (prev_ch == null or hxReached(target, prev_ch.?, next_ch)) {
+        if ((is_prev and it == 0) or (!is_prev and it >= text.len)) break;
+        const cell = if (is_prev) prevGrapheme(text, it) else it;
+        const next_cat = hxCatAt(text, cell);
+        if (prev_cat == null or hxReached(target, prev_cat.?, next_cat)) {
             if (head == head_start) anchor = head else break;
         }
-        prev_ch = next_ch;
-        if (is_prev) head -|= 1 else head += 1;
+        prev_cat = next_cat;
+        it = if (is_prev) cell else nextGrapheme(text, cell);
+        head = it;
     }
     return .{ .anchor = anchor, .head = head };
 }
@@ -1007,31 +1117,31 @@ pub fn hxVertTarget(text: []const u8, pos: usize, down: bool, count: usize, goal
     const s = lineStartOffset(text, nline);
     // hxLineEndIdx(text, nline) without its second walk to nline (see hxOff)
     const e = std.mem.indexOfScalarPos(u8, text, s, '\n') orelse text.len;
-    return @min(s + goal_col, e);
+    return s + graphemeStart(text[s..e], @min(goal_col, e - s));
 }
 
 /// f/F/t/T target cell. helix find_char: the exclusive (till) search starts
 /// one further out so repeats make progress; not-found = null (no move).
-pub fn hxFindTarget(text: []const u8, cursor: usize, ch: u8, fwd: bool, till: bool, count: usize) ?usize {
+pub fn hxFindTarget(text: []const u8, cursor: usize, ch: u21, fwd: bool, till: bool, count: usize) ?usize {
     var left = @max(1, count);
     if (fwd) {
         const head = nextGrapheme(text, cursor);
-        var i = if (till) head + 1 else head;
+        var i = if (till) nextGrapheme(text, head) else head;
         if (i > text.len) return null;
-        while (i < text.len) : (i += 1) {
-            if (text[i] == ch) {
+        while (i < text.len) : (i = nextGrapheme(text, i)) {
+            if (codepointAt(text, i) == ch) {
                 left -= 1;
-                if (left == 0) return if (till) i - 1 else i;
+                if (left == 0) return if (till) prevGrapheme(text, i) else i;
             }
         }
         return null;
     }
-    var i = if (till) cursor -| 1 else cursor;
+    var i = if (till) prevGrapheme(text, cursor) else cursor;
     while (i > 0) {
-        i -= 1;
-        if (text[i] == ch) {
+        i = prevGrapheme(text, i);
+        if (codepointAt(text, i) == ch) {
             left -= 1;
-            if (left == 0) return if (till) i + 1 else i;
+            if (left == 0) return if (till) nextGrapheme(text, i) else i;
         }
     }
     return null;
@@ -1040,26 +1150,19 @@ pub fn hxFindTarget(text: []const u8, cursor: usize, ch: u8, fwd: bool, till: bo
 // helix textobject.rs find_word_boundary
 fn hxFindWordBoundary(text: []const u8, pos0: usize, fwd: bool, long: bool) usize {
     var prev: HxCat = if (fwd)
-        (if (pos0 == 0) .ws else hxCat(text[pos0 - 1]))
+        (if (pos0 == 0) .ws else hxCatAt(text, prevGrapheme(text, pos0)))
     else
-        (if (pos0 >= text.len) .ws else hxCat(text[pos0]));
+        (if (pos0 >= text.len) .ws else hxCatAt(text, pos0));
     var pos = pos0;
     var it = pos0;
     while (true) {
-        const ch: u8 = if (fwd) blk: {
-            if (it >= text.len) break;
-            const c = text[it];
-            it += 1;
-            break :blk c;
-        } else blk: {
-            if (it == 0) break;
-            it -= 1;
-            break :blk text[it];
-        };
-        const cat = hxCat(ch);
+        if ((fwd and it >= text.len) or (!fwd and it == 0)) break;
+        const cell = if (fwd) it else prevGrapheme(text, it);
+        const cat = hxCatAt(text, cell);
         if (cat == .eol or cat == .ws) return pos;
         if (!long and cat != prev and pos != 0 and pos != text.len) return pos;
-        if (fwd) pos += 1 else pos -|= 1;
+        it = if (fwd) nextGrapheme(text, cell) else cell;
+        pos = it;
         prev = cat;
     }
     return pos;
@@ -1070,14 +1173,20 @@ fn hxFindWordBoundary(text: []const u8, pos0: usize, fwd: bool, long: bool) usiz
 pub fn hxTextobjectWord(text: []const u8, r: HxRange, around: bool, long: bool) HxRange {
     const pos = hxCursor(text, r);
     const word_start = hxFindWordBoundary(text, pos, false, long);
-    const cat: HxCat = if (pos < text.len) hxCat(text[pos]) else .ws;
-    const word_end = if (cat == .ws or cat == .eol) pos else hxFindWordBoundary(text, pos + 1, true, long);
+    const cat: HxCat = if (pos < text.len) hxCatAt(text, pos) else .ws;
+    const word_end = if (cat == .ws or cat == .eol) pos else hxFindWordBoundary(text, nextGrapheme(text, pos), true, long);
     if (word_start == word_end or !around) return .{ .anchor = word_start, .head = word_end };
     var end = word_end;
-    while (end < text.len and hxIsWs(text[end]) and hxCat(text[end]) != .eol) end += 1;
+    while (end < text.len and hxIsWs(hxCatAt(text, end)) and hxCatAt(text, end) != .eol)
+        end = nextGrapheme(text, end);
     if (end > word_end) return .{ .anchor = word_start, .head = end };
     var start = word_start;
-    while (start > 0 and hxIsWs(text[start - 1]) and hxCat(text[start - 1]) != .eol) start -= 1;
+    while (start > 0) {
+        const before = prevGrapheme(text, start);
+        const before_cat = hxCatAt(text, before);
+        if (!hxIsWs(before_cat) or before_cat == .eol) break;
+        start = before;
+    }
     return .{ .anchor = start, .head = word_end };
 }
 
@@ -1294,6 +1403,38 @@ test "hx find targets" {
     try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(?usize, null), hxFindTarget(t, 0, 'z', true, false, 1));
 }
 
+test "extended grapheme boundaries cover combining emoji flag and CJK text" {
+    const text = "a" ++ "e\u{301}" ++ "👩🏽\u{200d}🚀" ++ "🇧🇷" ++ "界";
+    const boundaries = [_]usize{ 0, 1, 4, 19, 27, 30 };
+    for (boundaries[0 .. boundaries.len - 1], boundaries[1..]) |start, end| {
+        try std.testing.expectEqual(end, nextGrapheme(text, start));
+        try std.testing.expectEqual(start, prevGrapheme(text, end));
+    }
+    // Stale byte offsets are repaired to a cluster boundary instead of being
+    // allowed to leak continuation bytes into cursor state.
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 1), graphemeStart(text, 2));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 1), prevGrapheme(text, 3));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 19), graphemeAtColumn(text, 3));
+}
+
+test "Unicode find and word motion stay on grapheme boundaries" {
+    const lines = [_][]const u8{"\u{e9}x\u{e9}"};
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(Cursor{ .row = 0, .col = 3 }, findChar(&lines, .{ .row = 0, .col = 0 }, 'é', true, false, 1).?);
+
+    const text = "café 世界 ok\n";
+    const first = hxWordMove(text, .{ .anchor = 0, .head = 1 }, 1, .next_word_start);
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 0), first.anchor);
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 6), first.head);
+    const second = hxWordMove(text, .{ .anchor = 0, .head = 1 }, 2, .next_word_start);
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 6), second.anchor);
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 13), second.head);
+
+    // Long-word motions split on Unicode whitespace, not only ASCII spaces.
+    const nbsp = "alpha\u{a0}beta\n";
+    const long = hxWordMove(nbsp, .{ .anchor = 0, .head = 1 }, 1, .next_long_word_start);
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 7), long.head);
+}
+
 test "hx increment" {
     const a = std.testing.allocator;
     {
@@ -1335,7 +1476,7 @@ test "kindOf" {
 test "char/line motions" {
     const lines = [_][]const u8{ "alpha beta", "  two words", "x" };
     const c = Cursor{ .row = 0, .col = 5 };
-    try std.testing.expectEqual(Cursor{ .row = 0, .col = 4 }, charLeft(c));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(Cursor{ .row = 0, .col = 4 }, charLeft(&.{"hello"}, c));
     try std.testing.expectEqual(Cursor{ .row = 0, .col = 6 }, charRight(&lines, c));
     try std.testing.expectEqual(Cursor{ .row = 1, .col = 5 }, lineDown(&lines, c));
     try std.testing.expectEqual(Cursor{ .row = 0, .col = 5 }, lineUp(&lines, Cursor{ .row = 1, .col = 5 }));
@@ -1440,6 +1581,19 @@ test "deleteChar" {
     try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("abc", r2);
 }
 
+test "Unicode edits replace and delete whole graphemes" {
+    const a = std.testing.allocator;
+    const content = "A" ++ "e\u{301}" ++ "👩🏽\u{200d}🚀" ++ "🇧🇷" ++ "界" ++ "Z";
+
+    const deleted = try deleteChar(a, content, .{ .row = 0, .col = 2 });
+    defer a.free(deleted);
+    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("A👩🏽\u{200d}🚀🇧🇷界Z", deleted);
+
+    const replaced = try replaceChars(a, content, .{ .row = 0, .col = 1 }, .{ .row = 0, .col = 19 }, '界');
+    defer a.free(replaced);
+    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("A界界界界Z", replaced);
+}
+
 test "deleteLines middle" {
     const content = "one\ntwo\nthree\nfour";
     const a = std.testing.allocator;
diff --git a/src/normal_input.zig b/src/normal_input.zig
index c6b2574f..4b047a7f 100644
--- a/src/normal_input.zig
+++ b/src/normal_input.zig
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ pub const Action = union(enum) {
     goto: struct { target: Goto, count: u32, explicit_count: bool },
     view: View,
     find: struct { kind: Find, char: u21, count: u32 },
-    replace_char: u8,
+    replace_char: u21,
     match_bracket,
     textobject: struct { char: u21, around: bool },
     surround_add: u21,
@@ -409,8 +409,7 @@ pub fn parse(state: *State, key: Input) Result {
         .replace => {
             state.prefix = .none;
             const char = key.literal() orelse return .ignored;
-            if (char > 0x7f) return .ignored;
-            return resultAction(.{ .replace_char = @intCast(char) });
+            return resultAction(.{ .replace_char = char });
         },
         .match => {
             if (state.match_sub == .none) {
@@ -615,6 +614,13 @@ test "modified and special keys cannot satisfy literal continuations" {
     try std.testing.expectEqual(State{}, state);
 }
 
+test "replace accepts a Unicode literal" {
+    var state: State = .{};
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(Result.pending, parse(&state, input('r', &.{.prefix_replace})));
+    try std.testing.expectEqualDeep(Result{ .action = .{ .replace_char = '界' } }, parse(&state, input('界', &.{})));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(State{}, state);
+}
+
 test "once versus per-selection is semantic action metadata" {
     try std.testing.expectEqual(Scope.once, (@as(Action, .search)).scope());
     try std.testing.expectEqual(Scope.once, (Action{ .edit = .{ .kind = .undo, .count = 1 } }).scope());
diff --git a/src/pardes.zig b/src/pardes.zig
index 38e317c4..5bf03788 100644
--- a/src/pardes.zig
+++ b/src/pardes.zig
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ pub const animation = @import("animation.zig");
 pub const panel_animation = @import("panel_animation.zig");
 const ghostty_vt = @import("ghostty-vt");
 const uucode = @import("uucode");
+const vaxis = @import("vaxis");
 const mvzr = @import("mvzr");
 const modal = @import("modal.zig");
 const normal_input = @import("normal_input.zig");
@@ -1554,7 +1555,7 @@ const WordBounds = struct { lo: usize, hi: usize };
 /// The whitespace-delimited word covering `col` in `str`. The topbar uses the
 /// same bounds for pointer feedback and dispatch, so the word that lights up
 /// is necessarily the word a middle click will execute.
-fn wordBoundsAtCol(str: []const u8, col: u16) ?WordBounds {
+fn wordBoundsAtCol(str: []const u8, col: usize) ?WordBounds {
     if (col >= str.len or str[col] == ' ') return null;
     var lo: usize = col;
     while (lo > 0 and str[lo - 1] != ' ') lo -= 1;
@@ -1564,7 +1565,7 @@ fn wordBoundsAtCol(str: []const u8, col: u16) ?WordBounds {
 }
 
 /// the whitespace-delimited word covering `col` in `str` (topbar dispatch)
-fn wordAtCol(str: []const u8, col: u16) []const u8 {
+fn wordAtCol(str: []const u8, col: usize) []const u8 {
     const bounds = wordBoundsAtCol(str, col) orelse return "";
     return str[bounds.lo..bounds.hi];
 }
@@ -2118,8 +2119,26 @@ pub const Surface = struct {
                 (std.unicode.utf8Decode(text[i .. i + n]) catch null)
             else
                 null;
-            var cp_slice = if (decoded == null) "\u{FFFD}" else text[i .. i + n];
-            i += if (decoded == null) 1 else n;
+            var cp_slice: []const u8 = "\u{FFFD}";
+            var consumed: usize = 1;
+            if (decoded != null) {
+                // A surface cell is a grapheme, not a codepoint. Keeping the
+                // complete cluster makes combining marks visible and keeps ZWJ,
+                // modifier, flag and Indic sequences in the same screen cell
+                // that cursor/edit math treats as one unit.
+                var git = uucode.grapheme.utf8Iterator(text[i..]);
+                if (git.nextGrapheme()) |g| {
+                    const candidate = text[i .. i + g.end];
+                    if (std.unicode.utf8ValidateSlice(candidate)) {
+                        cp_slice = candidate;
+                        consumed = candidate.len;
+                    } else {
+                        cp_slice = text[i .. i + n];
+                        consumed = n;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            i += consumed;
             var cp = decoded orelse 0xFFFD;
             if (cp == '\r') continue;
             // A Surface cell is already positioned, not a terminal byte
@@ -2137,8 +2156,10 @@ pub const Surface = struct {
                 cp = 0xFFFD;
                 cp_slice = "\u{FFFD}";
             }
-            const width: u16 = if (cp < 0x80) 1 else uucode.get(.width, cp);
-            if (width == 0) continue;
+            const width: u16 = if (decoded == null or (cp < 0x80 and cp_slice.len == 1))
+                1
+            else
+                @max(1, vaxis.gwidth.gwidth(cp_slice, .unicode));
             // a DOUBLE-width glyph with one column left is not drawn at all.
             // Writing it puts one cell in the surface and two on the glass, and
             // when that column is the screen's last the terminal wraps the tail
@@ -2148,7 +2169,21 @@ pub const Surface = struct {
             // problem. Reachable from any byte cut through wide text: hscroll's
             // and soft wrap's both.
             if (width == 2 and col + 1 >= end) break;
-            s.set(col, y, cp_slice, style);
+            // The cross-host Cell ABI has seven payload bytes. Preserve a valid
+            // codepoint prefix when a modern emoji cluster is longer; its full
+            // width and edit boundary still come from the complete cluster.
+            var shown = cp_slice;
+            if (shown.len > @typeInfo(@FieldType(Cell, "text")).array.len) {
+                const cap = @typeInfo(@FieldType(Cell, "text")).array.len;
+                var prefix: usize = 0;
+                while (prefix < shown.len) {
+                    const cp_len = std.unicode.utf8ByteSequenceLength(shown[prefix]) catch break;
+                    if (prefix + cp_len > cap) break;
+                    prefix += cp_len;
+                }
+                shown = if (prefix > 0) shown[0..prefix] else "\u{FFFD}";
+            }
+            s.set(col, y, shown, style);
             if (width == 2 and col + 1 < end) {
                 // spacer: empty cell under the wide glyph's tail
                 s.set(col + 1, y, "", style);
@@ -2199,6 +2234,106 @@ test "surface print expands configured tabs and normalizes other controls" {
     try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("A", cells[cell_count - 1].grapheme());
 }
 
+test "surface print keeps combining and wide graphemes in their display cells" {
+    var cells: [8]Cell = @splat(.{});
+    var surface = Surface{ .cols = cells.len, .rows = 1, .cells = &cells };
+
+    const end = surface.print(0, 0, cells.len, "e\u{301}界👩🏽\u{200d}🚀1\u{fe0f}\u{20e3}A", .{});
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(u16, 8), end);
+    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("e\u{301}", cells[0].grapheme());
+    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("界", cells[1].grapheme());
+    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("", cells[2].grapheme());
+    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("👩", cells[3].grapheme());
+    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("", cells[4].grapheme());
+    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("1\u{fe0f}\u{20e3}", cells[5].grapheme());
+    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("", cells[6].grapheme());
+    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("A", cells[7].grapheme());
+}
+
+test "insert and normal modes edit complete Unicode graphemes" {
+    const gpa = std.testing.allocator;
+    const p = try Pardes.init(gpa, .{ .cols = 60, .rows = 12 });
+    defer p.deinit();
+    const pane = try p.hxOpenFileContent("a" ++ "e\u{301}" ++ "👩🏽\u{200d}🚀" ++ "界" ++ "z");
+
+    pane.mode = .insert;
+    pane.cur_col = 22; // on z, after the CJK grapheme
+    p.insertKey(pane, .{ .cp = Key.left });
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(i32, 19), pane.cur_col);
+    p.insertKey(pane, .{ .cp = Key.left });
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(i32, 4), pane.cur_col);
+    p.insertKey(pane, .{ .cp = Key.right });
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(i32, 19), pane.cur_col);
+    p.insertKey(pane, .{ .cp = Key.backspace });
+    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("ae\u{301}界z", pane.file.?.content);
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(i32, 4), pane.cur_col);
+
+    pane.mode = .normal;
+    pane.cur_col = 1;
+    p.normalDelete(pane, false);
+    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("a界z", pane.file.?.content);
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(i32, 1), pane.cur_col);
+    p.normalReplaceChar(pane, 'λ');
+    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("aλz", pane.file.?.content);
+
+    file_pane.setContent(p, &pane.file.?, try gpa.dupe(u8, "界a"));
+    pane.cur_col = 3;
+    pane.vsel = .{ .active = true, .row = 0, .col = 0, .explicit = true };
+    p.normalReplaceChar(pane, 'λ');
+    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("λλ", pane.file.?.content);
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(i32, 2), pane.cur_col);
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(i32, 0), pane.vsel.col);
+
+    file_pane.setContent(p, &pane.file.?, try gpa.dupe(u8, "界a"));
+    pane.cur_col = 0;
+    pane.vsel = .{ .active = true, .row = 0, .col = 3, .explicit = true };
+    p.normalReplaceChar(pane, 'λ');
+    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("λλ", pane.file.?.content);
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(i32, 0), pane.cur_col);
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(i32, 2), pane.vsel.col);
+}
+
+test "Unicode display cells map back to body and tag byte cursors" {
+    const gpa = std.testing.allocator;
+    const p = try Pardes.init(gpa, .{ .cols = 60, .rows = 12 });
+    defer p.deinit();
+    const pane = try p.hxOpenFileContent("a界e\u{301}z\n");
+    const f = &pane.file.?;
+    p.gpa.free(f.path);
+    f.path = try p.gpa.dupe(u8, "界e\u{301}.txt");
+
+    var frame = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(gpa);
+    defer frame.deinit();
+    _ = try p.render(frame.allocator());
+    const rect = p.rects[0];
+    const text_x = rect.x + config.GUTTER + config.PREFIX_W;
+    const body_y = rect.y + BOX_H;
+    // The second screen cell is the trailing half of the wide CJK grapheme.
+    // Both halves map to its one byte boundary.
+    p.update(.{ .mouse = .{ .button = config.select_button, .kind = .press, .col = text_x + 2, .row = body_y } });
+    p.update(.{ .mouse = .{ .button = config.select_button, .kind = .release, .col = text_x + 2, .row = body_y } });
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(i32, 1), pane.cur_col);
+
+    // A click in the wide path glyph likewise becomes a byte cursor at the
+    // grapheme start; arrow motion then advances by the full UTF-8 cluster.
+    p.enterTagEdit(pane, 1);
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(u16, 0), pane.tag_col);
+    p.tagInsertKey(pane, .{ .cp = Key.right });
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(u16, 3), pane.tag_col);
+    p.tagInsertKey(pane, .{ .cp = Key.right });
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(u16, 6), pane.tag_col);
+
+    const before = try gpa.dupe(u8, pane.tagSlice());
+    defer gpa.free(before);
+    p.enterTagEdit(pane, -1);
+    const insertion = pane.tag_col;
+    p.tagInsertKey(pane, .{ .cp = 'λ', .text = "λ" });
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(insertion + 2, pane.tag_col);
+    p.tagInsertKey(pane, .{ .cp = Key.backspace });
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(insertion, pane.tag_col);
+    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings(before, pane.tagSlice());
+}
+
 test "tabbed file aligns syntax cursor and mouse while preserving virtual columns" {
     const gpa = std.testing.allocator;
     const p = try Pardes.init(gpa, .{ .cols = 60, .rows = 12 });
@@ -2920,12 +3055,13 @@ pub const Pane = struct {
     /// the body mode a tag edit hijacked (tags are always insert); terminals
     /// restore it on exit so clicking the tag never changes the pane's mode
     tag_mode: Mode = .normal,
-    /// THE tag coordinate space: byte columns into the WHOLE rendered tag,
-    /// prefix ++ tail (tagText). One space, no conversions — the renderer, the
-    /// mouse and every motion speak it directly. The prefix is live chrome, so
-    /// it is selectable/yankable/executable but READ-ONLY: every edit op
-    /// measures from `edit0` (= tagPrefix().len, the first editable column) and
-    /// does nothing left of it.
+    /// THE tag coordinate space: UTF-8 byte offsets into the WHOLE rendered
+    /// tag, prefix ++ tail (tagText), always on grapheme boundaries. Motions
+    /// and edits use these offsets; rendering and pointer input convert at the
+    /// screen boundary. The prefix is live chrome, so it is selectable,
+    /// yankable and executable but READ-ONLY: every edit op measures from
+    /// `edit0` (= tagPrefix().len, the first editable byte) and does nothing
+    /// left of it.
     tag_col: u16 = 0,
     tag_anchor: u16 = 0,
     ed_undo: [term_pane.history_max]term_pane.Snapshot = undefined,
@@ -4540,7 +4676,7 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
     leader_on: bool = false,
     leader_keys: [4]u8 = undefined,
     leader_n: u8 = 0,
-    /// the TOPBAR holds the keyboard, parked at this column of the rendered
+    /// the TOPBAR holds the keyboard, parked at this UTF-8 byte offset of the
     /// row-0 line. Global like leader_on for the same reason: row 0 is not a
     /// pane and never will be, so its one piece of focus state cannot live on
     /// one. `null` = the panes have the keyboard, which is every other frame.
@@ -5401,12 +5537,9 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
     /// the row below kept its out at the pad. Now the column moves out
     /// together, so the words stay in a line and a click walks down them.
     ///
-    /// Bytes, not display columns — like every other tag coordinate (see
-    /// Pane.tag_col). A multibyte path renders narrower than it measures, so
-    /// the line is straight for ASCII paths and drifts by a column per wide
-    /// character otherwise. That is the same approximation the plain
-    /// right-align always made; fixing it is a job for the whole tag
-    /// coordinate space, not for this scan.
+    /// Alignment is measured in display cells. Cursor and selection state use
+    /// UTF-8 byte offsets, then map through the same grapheme-width helpers at
+    /// the screen boundary.
     ///
     /// Two rules make up the "when possible":
     ///
@@ -5450,7 +5583,7 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
                 pane_tail;
             const laid = if (q.tag_init) q.tagSlice() else words;
             const lead = laid.len - std.mem.trimStart(u8, laid, " ").len;
-            const q_end = (p.tagPrefix(q) catch continue).len + lead + std.mem.trimStart(u8, words, " ").len;
+            const q_end = file_pane.displayWidth(p.tagPrefix(q) catch continue) + lead + file_pane.displayWidth(std.mem.trimStart(u8, words, " "));
             end = @max(end, @min(q_end, tw));
         };
         return end -| used;
@@ -5462,7 +5595,7 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
     fn tagText(p: *Pardes, arena: std.mem.Allocator, pane: *Pane) ![]u8 {
         const prefix = try p.tagPrefix(pane);
         const tail = curTail(pane);
-        const gap = p.tagGap(pane, prefix.len + tail.len);
+        const gap = p.tagGap(pane, file_pane.displayWidth(prefix) + file_pane.displayWidth(tail));
         const out = try arena.alloc(u8, prefix.len + gap + tail.len);
         @memcpy(out[0..prefix.len], prefix);
         @memset(out[prefix.len..][0..gap], ' ');
@@ -5476,8 +5609,8 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
     fn seedTail(p: *Pardes, pane: *Pane) void {
         if (pane.tag_init) return;
         const tail = curTail(pane);
-        const prefix_len = (p.tagPrefix(pane) catch return).len;
-        const gap = p.tagGap(pane, prefix_len + tail.len);
+        const prefix = (p.tagPrefix(pane) catch return);
+        const gap = p.tagGap(pane, file_pane.displayWidth(prefix) + file_pane.displayWidth(tail));
         if (gap + tail.len > pane.tag_tail.len) return;
         @memset(pane.tag_tail[0..gap], ' ');
         @memcpy(pane.tag_tail[gap..][0..tail.len], tail);
@@ -5486,7 +5619,7 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
     }
 
     /// focus the tag for editing, seeding the tail on first touch and parking
-    /// the cursor at `col` — a column of the RENDERED tag (see tag_col).
+    /// the byte cursor at the grapheme displayed under screen column `col`.
     /// NEGATIVE means the tail's first WORD, which is where `:` and a tagline
     /// hop land: a place no click can name, so it needs no sentinel of its own
     /// and the callers need no prefix length.
@@ -5509,7 +5642,12 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
         // the door. The spaces stay editable; h and Left still walk into them.
         const tail = pane.tagSlice();
         const lead: i32 = @intCast(tail.len - std.mem.trimStart(u8, tail, " ").len);
-        pane.tag_col = @intCast(if (col < 0) @min(edit0 + lead, end) else std.math.clamp(col, 0, end));
+        if (col < 0) {
+            pane.tag_col = @intCast(@min(edit0 + lead, end));
+        } else {
+            const text = p.tagText(p.scratch.allocator(), pane) catch return;
+            pane.tag_col = @intCast(@min(text.len, file_pane.rawAtDisplay(text, @intCast(col))));
+        }
     }
 
     fn exitTagEdit(pane: *Pane) void {
@@ -5538,7 +5676,7 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
         const text = p.tagText(p.scratch.allocator(), pane) catch return null;
         if (pane.tag_sel) {
             const b = tagSelBounds(pane);
-            const hi = @min(b.hi + 1, text.len);
+            const hi = modal.nextGrapheme(text, b.hi);
             return if (hi > b.lo) text[b.lo..hi] else null;
         }
         const b = config.wordBounds(text, @min(@as(usize, pane.tag_col), text.len));
@@ -5580,14 +5718,19 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
         }
         switch (key.cp) {
             Key.backspace => if (pane.tag_col > edit0) {
-                pane.removeTagByte(pane.tag_col - edit0 - 1);
-                pane.tag_col -= 1;
+                const text = p.tagText(p.scratch.allocator(), pane) catch return;
+                const prev = @max(@as(usize, edit0), modal.prevGrapheme(text, pane.tag_col));
+                const count = @as(usize, pane.tag_col) - prev;
+                for (0..count) |_| pane.removeTagByte(prev - edit0);
+                pane.tag_col = @intCast(prev);
             },
             Key.left => if (pane.tag_col > 0) {
-                pane.tag_col -= 1;
+                const text = p.tagText(p.scratch.allocator(), pane) catch return;
+                pane.tag_col = @intCast(modal.prevGrapheme(text, pane.tag_col));
             },
             Key.right => if (pane.tag_col < end) {
-                pane.tag_col += 1;
+                const text = p.tagText(p.scratch.allocator(), pane) catch return;
+                pane.tag_col = @intCast(modal.nextGrapheme(text, pane.tag_col));
             },
             Key.home => pane.tag_col = 0,
             Key.end => pane.tag_col = end,
@@ -5601,8 +5744,8 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
         const lo = @min(r.anchor, r.head);
         const hi = @max(r.anchor, r.head);
         pane.tag_col = @intCast(modal.hxCursor(text, r));
-        pane.tag_sel = hi > lo + 1; // a 1-wide range IS the block cursor
-        if (pane.tag_sel) pane.tag_anchor = @intCast(if (r.head > r.anchor) lo else hi - 1);
+        pane.tag_sel = modal.nextGrapheme(text, lo) < hi; // one grapheme IS the block cursor
+        if (pane.tag_sel) pane.tag_anchor = @intCast(if (r.head > r.anchor) lo else modal.prevGrapheme(text, hi));
     }
 
     /// normal mode ON the tag — where `:` lands. The body's own helix motions
@@ -5757,7 +5900,7 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
         // on it does. Leave the bar FIRST — `Kill` lives up here and tears the
         // session down, the same hazard the pane-tag chord has with `Del`.
         if (hit(key, config.look_key) or hit(key, config.exec_key)) {
-            const word = wordAtCol(bar, @intCast(cur));
+            const word = wordAtCol(bar, cur);
             p.topbar_col = null;
             if (word.len > 0) _ = p.execute(p.active, word);
             return;
@@ -5819,7 +5962,7 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
         while (count_it.next()) |line| : (count_row += 1) {
             if (count_row < r0 or count_row > r1) continue;
             const b0 = @min(file_pane.renderedLineByteCol(pane, count_row, line, c0), line.len);
-            const b1 = @min(file_pane.renderedLineByteCol(pane, count_row, line, c1) + 1, line.len);
+            const b1 = modal.nextGrapheme(line, @min(file_pane.renderedLineByteCol(pane, count_row, line, c1), line.len));
             total += b1 - b0 + @intFromBool(selected > 0);
             selected += 1;
         }
@@ -5836,7 +5979,7 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
             }
             first = false;
             const b0 = @min(file_pane.renderedLineByteCol(pane, v, line, c0), line.len);
-            const b1 = @min(file_pane.renderedLineByteCol(pane, v, line, c1) + 1, line.len);
+            const b1 = modal.nextGrapheme(line, @min(file_pane.renderedLineByteCol(pane, v, line, c1), line.len));
             @memcpy(out[at..][0 .. b1 - b0], line[b0..b1]);
             at += b1 - b0;
         }
@@ -5891,10 +6034,17 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
 
     /// the word under the modal cursor as a pane-local selection (paneText
     /// coords: row 0 is the tag; file panes carry the line-number prefix)
-    fn cursorWordSel(pane: *Pane) Sel {
+    fn cursorWordSel(p: *Pardes, pane: *Pane) Sel {
         const w = pane.wrapRow(pane.cur_row, pane.cur_col);
         const vrow = w.row + @as(i32, BOX_H);
-        const vcol = if (pane.file != null) file_pane.displayOffset(pane, pane.cur_row, w.at, pane.cur_col) + @as(i32, config.PREFIX_W) else pane.cur_col;
+        const vcol = if (pane.file != null)
+            file_pane.displayOffset(pane, pane.cur_row, w.at, pane.cur_col) + @as(i32, config.PREFIX_W)
+        else blk: {
+            const pl = p.paneCursorLines(pane) catch break :blk pane.cur_col;
+            const local = pane.cur_row - pl.row0;
+            if (local < 0 or @as(usize, @intCast(local)) >= pl.lines.len) break :blk pane.cur_col;
+            break :blk file_pane.lineDisplayOffset(pl.lines[@intCast(local)], @intCast(@max(0, w.at)), @intCast(@max(0, pane.cur_col)));
+        };
         return .{ .state = .done, .c0 = vcol, .c1 = vcol, .r0 = vrow, .r1 = vrow };
     }
 
@@ -5930,8 +6080,13 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
         const visible = clicked.r0 - @as(i32, BOX_H);
         const wrapped = pane.wrapAt(visible);
         const row = wrapped.line;
-        const col = if (pane.file != null)
-            file_pane.byteAtRowDisplay(pane, wrapped.line, wrapped.at, clicked.c0 - @as(i32, config.PREFIX_W))
+        const col = if (clicked.r0 >= BOX_H)
+            p.paneByteAtDisplay(
+                pane,
+                wrapped.line,
+                wrapped.at,
+                clicked.c0 - (if (pane.file != null) @as(i32, config.PREFIX_W) else 0),
+            )
         else
             clicked.c0;
         var result: PointerOperand = .{ .row = row, .col = col };
@@ -6157,7 +6312,7 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
         // to the file-ish word under the cursor.
         if (pane.mode == .normal and (hit(key, config.look_key) or hit(key, config.exec_key))) {
             const cmd = if (hit(key, config.look_key)) config.look_cmd else config.exec_cmd;
-            pane.pinCursor();
+            p.pinPaneCursor(pane);
             const explicit = (p.native_images and hasPdfSelection(pane)) or
                 (pane.vsel.active and pane.vsel.explicit) or pane.msel.active;
             if (explicit) {
@@ -6169,7 +6324,7 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
                     return;
                 }
             }
-            const sel = p.expandedSel(pane, cursorWordSel(pane)) orelse return;
+            const sel = p.expandedSel(pane, p.cursorWordSel(pane)) orelse return;
             const word = p.selectionText(pane, sel) catch return;
             p.runBuiltin(cmd, p.active, "", word);
             return;
@@ -6439,6 +6594,29 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
         return .{ .lines = try term_pane.cursorLines(p, pane), .row0 = 0 };
     }
 
+    fn paneByteAtDisplay(p: *Pardes, pane: *Pane, row: i32, from_raw: i32, display_col: i32) i32 {
+        if (pane.file != null)
+            return file_pane.byteAtRowDisplay(pane, row, from_raw, display_col);
+        const pl = p.paneCursorLines(pane) catch return @max(0, from_raw + display_col);
+        const local = row - pl.row0;
+        if (local < 0 or @as(usize, @intCast(local)) >= pl.lines.len)
+            return @max(0, from_raw + display_col);
+        return @intCast(file_pane.byteAtDisplayFrom(
+            pl.lines[@intCast(local)],
+            @intCast(@max(0, from_raw)),
+            @intCast(@max(0, display_col)),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    /// Freeze the live terminal cursor into the modal coordinate space. The
+    /// emulator reports screen cells; editing state stores UTF-8 byte offsets.
+    fn pinPaneCursor(p: *Pardes, pane: *Pane) void {
+        if (pane.cur_pinned) return;
+        pane.pinCursor();
+        if (pane.file == null and !hasPdf(pane))
+            pane.cur_col = p.paneByteAtDisplay(pane, pane.cur_row, 0, pane.cur_col);
+    }
+
     fn toModalCursor(pane: *Pane, pl: PaneLines) modal.Cursor {
         const r: i32 = pane.cur_row - pl.row0;
         return .{ .row = @intCast(@max(0, r)), .col = @intCast(@max(0, pane.cur_col)) };
@@ -6450,6 +6628,18 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
         pane.cur_pinned = true;
     }
 
+    fn insertVerticalCursor(lines: []const []const u8, c: modal.Cursor, down: bool) modal.Cursor {
+        if (lines.len == 0) return c;
+        const row = if (down) @min(c.row + 1, lines.len - 1) else c.row -| 1;
+        const target = lines[row];
+        if (target.len == 0) return .{ .row = row, .col = 0 };
+        const source = if (c.row < lines.len) lines[c.row] else "";
+        const goal = file_pane.rawDisplayCol(source, c.col);
+        const mapped = file_pane.rawAtDisplay(target, goal);
+        const last = modal.prevGrapheme(target, target.len);
+        return .{ .row = row, .col = modal.graphemeStart(target, @min(mapped, last)) };
+    }
+
     // ---- helix range plumbing (see modal.zig "helix range engine") ----
     // The pane's cursor + vsel cells render ONE helix gap range over the flat
     // motion surface. Every motion builds the current range, transforms it the
@@ -7222,9 +7412,8 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
 
     /// f/t/F/T: anchor at the old cursor cell, head on the hit (not found: no move)
     fn findMove(pane: *Pane, pl: PaneLines, text: []const u8, range: modal.HxRange, ch: u21, fwd: bool, till: bool, cnt: usize) void {
-        if (ch > 0x7f) return; // ponytail: ASCII targets only (byte columns)
         const cur = modal.hxCursor(text, range);
-        const t = modal.hxFindTarget(text, cur, @intCast(ch), fwd, till, cnt) orelse return;
+        const t = modal.hxFindTarget(text, cur, ch, fwd, till, cnt) orelse return;
         const res = if (pane.select)
             modal.hxPutCursor(text, range, t, true)
         else
@@ -7236,13 +7425,17 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
     fn verticalMove(pane: *Pane, pl: PaneLines, text: []const u8, range: modal.HxRange, down: bool, cnt: usize) void {
         const cur = modal.hxCursor(text, range);
         const pos = panePos(pane, text, cur);
-        const goal: usize = if (pane.sticky_col >= 0) @intCast(pane.sticky_col) else pos.col;
+        const goal: usize = if (pane.sticky_col >= 0)
+            @intCast(pane.sticky_col)
+        else
+            file_pane.rawDisplayCol(modal.lineSlice(text, pos.row), pos.col);
         // modal.hxVertTarget with the row we already have and the indexed
         // offset conversion — it would otherwise recount the buffer's newlines
         // and walk to the target line, two more full passes per j/k
         const last_row = paneLineCount(pane, text) - 1;
         const nline = if (down) @min(pos.row + @max(1, cnt), last_row) else pos.row -| @max(1, cnt);
-        const t = paneOff(pane, text, .{ .row = nline, .col = goal });
+        const target_col = file_pane.rawAtDisplay(modal.lineSlice(text, nline), goal);
+        const t = paneOff(pane, text, .{ .row = nline, .col = target_col });
         // extend mode never walks onto the empty trailing line (helix)
         if (pane.select and t == text.len and text.len > 0 and text[text.len - 1] == '\n') return;
         setPaneRange(pane, pl, text, modal.hxPutCursor(text, range, t, pane.select), false);
@@ -7373,7 +7566,7 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
     /// complete before this function runs; this switch reads document state
     /// only to execute the already-recognized action.
     fn executeNormalAction(p: *Pardes, pane: *Pane, semantic: normal_input.Action) void {
-        pane.pinCursor();
+        p.pinPaneCursor(pane);
         const pl = p.paneCursorLines(pane) catch return;
         const text = p.flatSurface(pane, pl) catch return;
         const lines = pl.lines;
@@ -7410,7 +7603,8 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
                 .column => {
                     const line = modal.hxLineOf(text, cur);
                     const ls = modal.lineStartOffset(text, line);
-                    return pointMove(pane, pl, text, range, @min(ls + (@as(usize, go.count) - 1), modal.hxLineEndIdx(text, line)));
+                    const slice = text[ls..modal.hxLineEndIdx(text, line)];
+                    return pointMove(pane, pl, text, range, ls + modal.graphemeAtColumn(slice, @as(usize, go.count) - 1));
                 },
                 .view_top => return gotoWindow(pane, pl, text, range, .top, go.count),
                 .view_center => return gotoWindow(pane, pl, text, range, .center, go.count),
@@ -7506,14 +7700,14 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
                 .next_long_word_end => return wordMove(pane, pl, text, range, move.count, .next_long_word_end),
             },
             .repeat_find => |count| {
-                if (pane.find_op == 0 or pane.find_ch > 0x7f) return;
+                if (pane.find_op == 0) return;
                 const fwd = pane.find_op == config.find_char_fwd or pane.find_op == config.till_char_fwd;
                 const till = pane.find_op == config.till_char_fwd or pane.find_op == config.till_char_back;
                 var repeated = range;
                 var moved = false;
                 for (0..count) |_| {
                     const cc = modal.hxCursor(text, repeated);
-                    const target = modal.hxFindTarget(text, cc, @intCast(pane.find_ch), fwd, till, 1) orelse break;
+                    const target = modal.hxFindTarget(text, cc, pane.find_ch, fwd, till, 1) orelse break;
                     repeated = if (pane.select)
                         modal.hxPutCursor(text, repeated, target, true)
                     else
@@ -7815,7 +8009,7 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
         pane.tag_sel = false;
         pane.mode = .insert;
         pane.pending = 0;
-        // tag_col is a rendered-tag column; the prompt offset slices tag_tail.
+        // tag_col and the prompt offset are both UTF-8 byte offsets.
         pane.tag_col = @intCast((p.tagPrefix(pane) catch return).len + pane.tag_tail_len);
     }
 
@@ -8531,7 +8725,7 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
     /// cursor on its FIRST — the same shape the old terminal stepper left, and
     /// the reason `col0` is the position the walk compares against.
     fn landLookSpot(p: *Pardes, id: usize, pane: *Pane, spot: LookSpot) void {
-        pane.pinCursor(); // fresh out of tty mode the cursor still tracks the shell
+        p.pinPaneCursor(pane); // fresh out of tty mode the cursor still tracks the shell
         pane.vsel = .{ .active = true, .row = spot.row, .col = spot.col1, .explicit = true };
         pane.msel.active = false;
         pane.nsel = 0;
@@ -8572,7 +8766,7 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
 
     fn enterInsert(p: *Pardes, pane: *Pane, where: InsertAt, cnt: usize) void {
         if (hasPdf(pane)) return;
-        pane.pinCursor();
+        p.pinPaneCursor(pane);
         // snapshot once per insert session (WITH the pre-insert selection) so
         // `u` undoes the whole session and restores what was selected
         p.pushUndo(pane);
@@ -8694,7 +8888,7 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
         // its only pardes use (the acme chords) needs explicit selections
         // anyway, and those never enter insert mode
         pane.vsel.active = false;
-        if (!pane.cur_pinned) pane.pinCursor();
+        if (!pane.cur_pinned) p.pinPaneCursor(pane);
         // arrows and paging are pure motion over the WHOLE surface, so they
         // run before editText — a terminal must not freeze shell rows into an
         // edit buffer just because you walked across them
@@ -8703,10 +8897,10 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
                 const pl = p.paneCursorLines(pane) catch return;
                 const cur0 = toModalCursor(pane, pl);
                 const nc = switch (key.cp) {
-                    Key.left => modal.charLeft(cur0),
+                    Key.left => modal.charLeft(pl.lines, cur0),
                     Key.right => modal.charRight(pl.lines, cur0),
-                    Key.up => modal.lineUp(pl.lines, cur0),
-                    Key.down => modal.lineDown(pl.lines, cur0),
+                    Key.up => insertVerticalCursor(pl.lines, cur0, false),
+                    Key.down => insertVerticalCursor(pl.lines, cur0, true),
                     else => cur0,
                 };
                 fromModalCursor(pane, pl, nc);
@@ -8829,9 +9023,11 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
             },
             Key.backspace => {
                 if (pane.cur_col > 0) {
-                    const new = modal.deleteChar(p.gpa, text, .{ .row = c.row, .col = c.col - 1 }) catch return;
+                    const line = modal.lineSlice(text, c.row);
+                    const prev = modal.prevGrapheme(line, c.col);
+                    const new = modal.deleteChar(p.gpa, text, .{ .row = c.row, .col = prev }) catch return;
                     p.setEditText(pane, new);
-                    pane.cur_col -= 1;
+                    pane.cur_col = @intCast(prev);
                     pane.cur_pinned = true;
                     pane.ensureCursorVisible();
                     return;
@@ -9115,17 +9311,19 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
                 .{ .row = @intCast(@max(0, b.lo_row - row0)), .col = @intCast(@max(0, b.lo_col)) }
             else blk: {
                 const hrow: usize = @intCast(@max(0, b.hi_row - row0));
-                const gcol = @as(usize, @intCast(@max(0, b.hi_col))) + 1;
-                if (gcol > modal.lineSlice(eb.text, hrow).len) break :blk .{ .row = hrow + 1, .col = 0 };
+                const hi_col: usize = @intCast(@max(0, b.hi_col));
+                const high_line = modal.lineSlice(eb.text, hrow);
+                if (hi_col >= high_line.len) break :blk .{ .row = hrow + 1, .col = 0 };
+                const gcol = modal.nextGrapheme(high_line, hi_col);
                 break :blk .{ .row = hrow, .col = gcol };
             };
             const out = modal.insertAt(p.gpa, eb.text, at, y) catch return;
             p.setEditText(pane, out);
-            pane.vsel = .{ .active = y.len > 1, .row = @as(i32, @intCast(at.row)) + row0, .col = @intCast(at.col), .explicit = false };
+            pane.vsel = .{ .active = modal.nextGrapheme(y, 0) < y.len, .row = @as(i32, @intCast(at.row)) + row0, .col = @intCast(at.col), .explicit = false };
             const end = modal.advanceBy(at, y);
             if (end.col > 0) {
                 pane.cur_row = @as(i32, @intCast(end.row)) + row0;
-                pane.cur_col = @intCast(end.col - 1);
+                pane.cur_col = @intCast(modal.prevGrapheme(modal.lineSlice(out, end.row), end.col));
             } else {
                 pane.cur_row = @as(i32, @intCast(end.row -| 1)) + row0;
                 pane.cur_col = @intCast(modal.lineSlice(out, end.row -| 1).len);
@@ -9261,7 +9459,7 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
             const r0: usize = @intCast(@max(0, @min(pane.msel.r0, pane.msel.r1) - row0));
             const r1: usize = @intCast(@max(0, @max(pane.msel.r0, pane.msel.r1) - row0));
             const llen = modal.lineSlice(content, r1).len;
-            return .{ .a = .{ .row = r0, .col = 0 }, .b = .{ .row = r1, .col = llen -| 1 } };
+            return .{ .a = .{ .row = r0, .col = 0 }, .b = .{ .row = r1, .col = if (llen == 0) 0 else modal.prevGrapheme(modal.lineSlice(content, r1), llen) } };
         }
         const c = modal.Cursor{ .row = @intCast(@max(0, pane.cur_row - row0)), .col = @intCast(@max(0, pane.cur_col)) };
         return .{ .a = c, .b = c };
@@ -9281,13 +9479,27 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
 
     /// `r<ch>`: overwrite the selection (or the cursor char) with ch —
     /// newlines included (helix), so `xrz` joins the selected lines
-    fn normalReplaceChar(p: *Pardes, pane: *Pane, ch: u8) void {
+    fn normalReplaceChar(p: *Pardes, pane: *Pane, ch: u21) void {
         pane.select = false;
         const eb = p.editTextEol(pane, selRows(pane)) orelse return;
+        const before = paneRange(pane, eb.text, eb.row0);
+        const lo = @min(before.anchor, before.head);
+        const hi = @max(before.anchor, before.head);
+        var graphemes: usize = 0;
+        var at = lo;
+        while (at < hi) : (graphemes += 1) at = modal.nextGrapheme(eb.text, at);
+        var encoded: [4]u8 = undefined;
+        const encoded_len = std.unicode.utf8Encode(ch, &encoded) catch return;
         const r = selRange(pane, eb.text, eb.row0);
         p.pushUndo(pane);
         const new = modal.replaceChars(p.gpa, eb.text, r.a, r.b, ch) catch return;
         p.setEditText(pane, new);
+        const end = lo + graphemes * encoded_len;
+        const mapped: modal.HxRange = if (before.head < before.anchor)
+            .{ .anchor = end, .head = lo }
+        else
+            .{ .anchor = lo, .head = end };
+        setPaneRange(pane, .{ .lines = &.{}, .row0 = eb.row0 }, new, mapped, pane.vsel.explicit);
     }
 
     /// `R`: replace the selection (or the cursor char) with the DEFAULT
@@ -9307,11 +9519,11 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
         const new = modal.replaceRange(p.gpa, eb.text, r.a, r.b, y) catch return;
         p.setEditText(pane, new);
         pane.msel.active = false;
-        pane.vsel = .{ .active = y.len > 1, .row = @as(i32, @intCast(r.a.row)) + eb.row0, .col = @intCast(r.a.col), .explicit = false };
+        pane.vsel = .{ .active = modal.nextGrapheme(y, 0) < y.len, .row = @as(i32, @intCast(r.a.row)) + eb.row0, .col = @intCast(r.a.col), .explicit = false };
         const end = modal.advanceBy(r.a, y);
         if (end.col > 0) {
             pane.cur_row = @as(i32, @intCast(end.row)) + eb.row0;
-            pane.cur_col = @intCast(end.col - 1);
+            pane.cur_col = @intCast(modal.prevGrapheme(modal.lineSlice(new, end.row), end.col));
         } else {
             // the yank ended in '\n': the cursor lands ON that newline
             pane.cur_row = @as(i32, @intCast(end.row -| 1)) + eb.row0;
@@ -9637,8 +9849,8 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
         const new = modal.replaceRange(p.gpa, eb.text, r.a, r.b, rep) catch return;
         p.setEditText(pane, new);
         const start = modal.lineStartOffset(new, r.a.row) + r.a.col;
-        const cc = modal.hxPos(new, start + rep.len - 1);
-        pane.vsel = .{ .active = rep.len > 1, .row = @as(i32, @intCast(r.a.row)) + eb.row0, .col = @intCast(r.a.col), .explicit = false };
+        const cc = modal.hxPos(new, modal.prevGrapheme(new, start + rep.len));
+        pane.vsel = .{ .active = modal.nextGrapheme(rep, 0) < rep.len, .row = @as(i32, @intCast(r.a.row)) + eb.row0, .col = @intCast(r.a.col), .explicit = false };
         pane.msel.active = false;
         pane.cur_row = @as(i32, @intCast(cc.row)) + eb.row0;
         pane.cur_col = @intCast(cc.col);
@@ -9728,14 +9940,15 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
         const eb = p.editTextEol(pane, selRows(pane)) orelse return;
         const r = selRange(pane, eb.text, eb.row0);
         p.pushUndo(pane);
-        var new = modal.insertAt(p.gpa, eb.text, .{ .row = r.b.row, .col = r.b.col + 1 }, &[1]u8{pr.c}) catch return;
+        const close_col = modal.nextGrapheme(modal.lineSlice(eb.text, r.b.row), r.b.col);
+        var new = modal.insertAt(p.gpa, eb.text, .{ .row = r.b.row, .col = close_col }, &[1]u8{pr.c}) catch return;
         p.setEditText(pane, new);
         new = modal.insertAt(p.gpa, new, .{ .row = r.a.row, .col = r.a.col }, &[1]u8{pr.o}) catch return;
         p.setEditText(pane, new);
         pane.msel.active = false;
         pane.vsel = .{ .active = true, .row = @as(i32, @intCast(r.a.row)) + eb.row0, .col = @intCast(r.a.col), .explicit = false };
         pane.cur_row = @as(i32, @intCast(r.b.row)) + eb.row0;
-        pane.cur_col = @intCast(r.b.col + 1 + @as(usize, if (r.a.row == r.b.row) 1 else 0));
+        pane.cur_col = @intCast(close_col + @as(usize, if (r.a.row == r.b.row) 1 else 0));
         pane.cur_pinned = true;
         pane.sticky_col = -1;
         pane.ensureCursorVisible();
@@ -10329,7 +10542,13 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
                     // next cursor move or left wheel pulls it back
                 } else if (pane.file != null and !p.settings.wrap) {
                     // wrapped there is nothing off to the right to reach
-                    pane.hscroll = @max(0, pane.hscroll + (if (m.button == .wheel_right) config.wheel_cols else -config.wheel_cols));
+                    const line = file_pane.sourceLine(pane, pane.cur_row);
+                    const visual = file_pane.rawDisplayCol(line, @intCast(@max(0, pane.hscroll)));
+                    const next: usize = if (m.button == .wheel_right)
+                        visual +| @as(usize, @intCast(config.wheel_cols))
+                    else
+                        visual -| @as(usize, @intCast(config.wheel_cols));
+                    pane.hscroll = @intCast(file_pane.rawAtDisplay(line, next));
                 }
             },
             config.select_button => switch (m.kind) {
@@ -10474,7 +10693,8 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
                         // click (a stray select click must never Kill)
                         if (m.button == config.exec_button) {
                             var tb_buf: [1200]u8 = undefined;
-                            const word = wordAtCol(p.topbar(&tb_buf), mcol);
+                            const bar = p.topbar(&tb_buf);
+                            const word = wordAtCol(bar, file_pane.rawAtDisplay(bar, mcol));
                             // a topbar word runs on the PRESS — there is no
                             // drag to chord into, so the argument is simply
                             // whatever is selected right now: select a word,
@@ -10615,9 +10835,9 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
                 // row is ignored (a tag is one line) and the anchor stays where
                 // the press put it, so this is the mouse's `v`
                 const pane = p.panes[d.id] orelse return;
-                const end: i32 = @intCast((p.tagPrefix(pane) catch return).len + pane.tag_tail_len);
                 const c = @as(i32, mcol) - @as(i32, p.rects[d.id].x + config.GUTTER);
-                pane.tag_col = @intCast(std.math.clamp(c, 0, end));
+                const text = p.tagText(p.scratch.allocator(), pane) catch return;
+                pane.tag_col = @intCast(@min(text.len, file_pane.rawAtDisplay(text, @intCast(@max(0, c)))));
                 pane.tag_sel = pane.tag_col != pane.tag_anchor;
             },
             .none => {},
@@ -10722,10 +10942,12 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
                         // pointer whether or not that row is a continuation
                         const w = pane.wrapAt(body_vis);
                         pane.cur_row = w.line;
-                        pane.cur_col = if (pane.file != null)
-                            file_pane.byteAtRowDisplay(pane, w.line, w.at, sl.c1 - @as(i32, config.PREFIX_W))
-                        else
-                            sl.c1;
+                        pane.cur_col = p.paneByteAtDisplay(
+                            pane,
+                            w.line,
+                            w.at,
+                            sl.c1 - (if (pane.file != null) @as(i32, config.PREFIX_W) else 0),
+                        );
                         pane.cur_pinned = true;
                         if (!pane.isTerminal()) pane.mode = .normal;
                         pane.msel.active = false;
@@ -10874,8 +11096,8 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
             const w1 = pane.wrapAt(@max(0, sl.r1 - @as(i32, BOX_H)));
             const row0 = w0.line;
             const row1 = w1.line;
-            const col0 = @max(0, sl.c0 - pfx) + w0.at;
-            const col1 = @max(0, sl.c1 - pfx) + w1.at;
+            const col0 = p.paneByteAtDisplay(pane, w0.line, w0.at, sl.c0 - pfx);
+            const col1 = p.paneByteAtDisplay(pane, w1.line, w1.at, sl.c1 - pfx);
             pane.cur_row = row1;
             pane.cur_col = col1;
             pane.cur_pinned = true;
@@ -10898,11 +11120,11 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
             p.pushUndo(pane);
             const new = modal.insertAt(p.gpa, f.content, at, y) catch return;
             file_pane.setContent(p, f, new);
-            pane.vsel = .{ .active = y.len > 1, .row = @intCast(at.row), .col = @intCast(at.col), .explicit = false };
+            pane.vsel = .{ .active = modal.nextGrapheme(y, 0) < y.len, .row = @intCast(at.row), .col = @intCast(at.col), .explicit = false };
             const end = modal.advanceBy(at, y);
             if (end.col > 0) {
                 pane.cur_row = @intCast(end.row);
-                pane.cur_col = @intCast(end.col - 1);
+                pane.cur_col = @intCast(modal.prevGrapheme(modal.lineSlice(f.content, end.row), end.col));
             } else {
                 // the register ended in '\n': the cursor lands ON that newline
                 pane.cur_row = @intCast(end.row -| 1);
@@ -11192,6 +11414,14 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
         if (comptime !pdf_enabled) return;
         if (pane.pdf == null) return;
         var state = paneNormalState(pane);
+        // A PDF has no body character to find, so its bare `f` is the direct
+        // document-outline door. Prefix continuations still go through the
+        // shared parser, and text/terminal panes retain `f<char>` unchanged.
+        if (state.prefix == .none and isPrefix(key, 'f')) {
+            state.clear();
+            putPaneNormalState(pane, state);
+            return p.runBuiltin(.PdfSections, p.active, "", null);
+        }
         const parsed = normal_input.parse(&state, normalInput(key));
         putPaneNormalState(pane, state);
         switch (parsed) {
@@ -12584,17 +12814,20 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
                 const w: u16 = @intCast(iw);
                 if (w < tw) _ = s.print(tx + tw - w, row, w, ibuf[0..iw], msg_style);
             }
-            // ...and the cursor follows the text it edits. tag_col is a
-            // rendered-tag column, so the prompt's own column is it minus where
-            // the marker starts; a cursor LEFT of that is still over the part
+            // ...and the cursor follows the text it edits. tag_col is a byte
+            // offset, so the prompt maps its suffix through display widths; a
+            // cursor LEFT of the marker is still over the part
             // of the tag that stayed on the tagline, and the tag cursor
             // renderPane already placed there is the right one.
             if (id != p.active) continue;
             const at = prompt_at orelse continue;
             const prompt0 = (p.tagPrefix(pane) catch continue).len + at;
             const col = @as(usize, pane.tag_col);
-            if (col >= prompt0 and col - prompt0 < tw)
-                s.cursor = .{ .x = tx + @as(u16, @intCast(col - prompt0)), .y = row, .bar = pane.mode == .insert };
+            if (col >= prompt0) {
+                const prompt_col = file_pane.displayWidth(text[0..@min(col - prompt0, text.len)]);
+                if (prompt_col < tw)
+                    s.cursor = .{ .x = tx + @as(u16, @intCast(prompt_col)), .y = row, .bar = pane.mode == .insert };
+            }
         }
 
         // global tagbar: full width, top row
@@ -12617,9 +12850,11 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
         // feedback at all. Paint the same word the click dispatcher resolves,
         // immediately, while leaving whitespace inert.
         if (p.pointer_inside and p.hover_row < TOPBAR_H) {
-            if (wordBoundsAtCol(p.topbar(&tb_buf), p.hover_col)) |bounds| {
-                var col: usize = bounds.lo;
-                while (col < bounds.hi and col < s.cols) : (col += 1) {
+            const bar = p.topbar(&tb_buf);
+            if (wordBoundsAtCol(bar, file_pane.rawAtDisplay(bar, p.hover_col))) |bounds| {
+                var col = file_pane.rawDisplayCol(bar, bounds.lo);
+                const hi = file_pane.rawDisplayCol(bar, bounds.hi);
+                while (col < hi and col < s.cols) : (col += 1) {
                     const cell = s.at(@intCast(col), 0);
                     cell.default = false;
                     cell.style.bg = .{ .rgb = th.sel_bg };
@@ -12630,9 +12865,10 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
         // the topbar's cursor, if it has the keyboard. AFTER the pane loop on
         // purpose: there is exactly one Surface cursor and the bar's must beat
         // the active pane's. Always a block — the bar has no insert mode.
-        if (p.topbar_col) |c| if (c < s.cols) {
-            s.cursor = .{ .x = c, .y = 0, .bar = false };
-        };
+        if (p.topbar_col) |c| {
+            const col = file_pane.rawDisplayCol(p.topbar(&tb_buf), c);
+            if (col < s.cols) s.cursor = .{ .x = @intCast(col), .y = 0, .bar = false };
+        }
 
         // resize-handle hint / drag previews: a dash overlay that keeps the
         // underlying colors (border drags + hover), or the move indicator. A
@@ -13046,7 +13282,7 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
             };
         }
         // tag char selection highlight (helix v/x, or a tagline sweep),
-        // inclusive [lo, hi] — rendered-tag columns, so no conversion.
+        // inclusive [lo, hi], mapped from byte offsets to display cells.
         //
         // Every selection on screen paints in the LIVE theme (`th`) and not in
         // `chrome`: a highlight is not attached to any geometry, it appears
@@ -13055,8 +13291,9 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
         // animation's frames.
         if (pane.tag_edit and pane.tag_sel) {
             const b = tagSelBounds(pane);
-            var col: usize = b.lo;
-            const end: usize = b.hi;
+            var col = file_pane.rawDisplayCol(tag, b.lo);
+            const hi = modal.nextGrapheme(tag, b.hi);
+            const end = file_pane.rawDisplayCol(tag, hi) -| 1;
             while (col <= end and col < tw) : (col += 1) {
                 const cell = s.at(tx + @as(u16, @intCast(col)), tag_y);
                 cell.default = false;
@@ -13064,10 +13301,11 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
                 cell.style.fg = .{ .rgb = th.sel_fg };
             }
         }
-        // cursor while editing the tag: a rendered-tag column, verbatim
+        // cursor while editing the tag: byte offset mapped to its display cell
         if (active and pane.tag_edit) {
             // bar while typing, block for `:` normal mode (same rule as a body)
-            if (pane.tag_col < tw) s.cursor = .{ .x = tx + pane.tag_col, .y = tag_y, .bar = pane.mode == .insert };
+            const col = file_pane.rawDisplayCol(tag, pane.tag_col);
+            if (col < tw) s.cursor = .{ .x = tx + @as(u16, @intCast(col)), .y = tag_y, .bar = pane.mode == .insert };
         }
 
         // A native PDF page uses the same backend-neutral pixel attachment as
@@ -13243,12 +13481,19 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
                 while (vr + @as(i32, BOX_H) < @as(i32, r.h)) : (vr += 1) {
                     const w = pane.wrapAt(vr);
                     if (w.line < bnd.lo_row or w.line > bnd.hi_row) continue;
+                    const visible_line = modal.lineSlice(body, @intCast(vr));
                     const cstart: i32 = if (w.line == bnd.lo_row)
-                        (if (pane.file != null) file_pane.displayOffset(pane, w.line, w.at, bnd.lo_col) else bnd.lo_col - w.at) + vpfx
+                        (if (pane.file != null)
+                            file_pane.displayOffset(pane, w.line, w.at, bnd.lo_col)
+                        else
+                            file_pane.lineDisplayOffset(visible_line, @intCast(@max(0, w.at)), @intCast(@max(0, bnd.lo_col)))) + vpfx
                     else
                         vpfx;
                     const cend: i32 = if (w.line == bnd.hi_row)
-                        (if (pane.file != null) file_pane.displayEndOffset(pane, w.line, w.at, bnd.hi_col) else bnd.hi_col - w.at) + vpfx
+                        (if (pane.file != null)
+                            file_pane.displayEndOffset(pane, w.line, w.at, bnd.hi_col)
+                        else
+                            file_pane.lineDisplayEndOffset(visible_line, @intCast(@max(0, w.at)), @intCast(@max(0, bnd.hi_col)))) + vpfx
                     else
                         @as(i32, tw) - 1;
                     var col: i32 = @max(cstart, vpfx);
@@ -13263,7 +13508,14 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
                 if (hover_only) continue; // quiet preview preserves the source ink
                 const cw = pane.wrapRow(sr.row, sr.col);
                 const crow = cw.row + @as(i32, BOX_H);
-                const ccol = (if (pane.file != null) file_pane.displayOffset(pane, sr.row, cw.at, sr.col) else sr.col - cw.at) + vpfx;
+                const ccol = (if (pane.file != null)
+                    file_pane.displayOffset(pane, sr.row, cw.at, sr.col)
+                else
+                    file_pane.lineDisplayOffset(
+                        modal.lineSlice(body, @intCast(@max(0, cw.row))),
+                        @intCast(@max(0, cw.at)),
+                        @intCast(@max(0, sr.col)),
+                    )) + vpfx;
                 if (crow >= BOX_H and crow < @as(i32, r.h) and ccol >= vpfx and ccol < tw) {
                     const cell = s.at(tx + @as(u16, @intCast(ccol)), body_y + @as(u16, @intCast(crow - BOX_H)));
                     cell.default = false;
@@ -13290,6 +13542,12 @@ pub const Pardes = struct {
                 // cells, so account for every expanded tab before the cursor.
                 const cx = if (pane.file != null)
                     @as(i32, config.PREFIX_W) + file_pane.displayOffset(pane, crow, cwp.at, ccol)
+                else if (pane.cur_pinned)
+                    file_pane.lineDisplayOffset(
+                        modal.lineSlice(body, @intCast(@max(0, cwp.row))),
+                        @intCast(@max(0, cwp.at)),
+                        @intCast(@max(0, ccol)),
+                    )
                 else
                     ccol;
                 if (prow >= BOX_H and cx >= 0 and prow < r.h and cx < tw)
diff --git a/src/pdf_pane_integration_test.zig b/src/pdf_pane_integration_test.zig
index eaebae5e..b290616e 100644
--- a/src/pdf_pane_integration_test.zig
+++ b/src/pdf_pane_integration_test.zig
@@ -111,7 +111,8 @@ test "PdfSections Look follows the exact owning PDF, not an equal path" {
     const p = try Pardes.init(gpa, .{ .file = path, .cols = 80, .rows = 28 });
     defer p.deinit();
     const first = p.panes[0].?;
-    pdf_pane.openSections(p, 0);
+    // Bare normal-mode `f` on a PDF dispatches the PdfSections builtin.
+    p.update(.{ .key = .{ .cp = 'f', .text = "f" } });
     const first_output_id = first.search_pane orelse return error.MissingPdfSectionsOutput;
     const first_output = p.panes[first_output_id].?;
     try std.testing.expect(pdf_pane.isSectionsOutput(first_output));
diff --git a/src/syntax.zig b/src/syntax.zig
index b7b9f32f..def11420 100644
--- a/src/syntax.zig
+++ b/src/syntax.zig
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! Tree-sitter syntax highlighting: one style byte per content byte, filled by
 //! running each grammar's highlights.scm query (slurped at build time into the
 //! ts_queries options module). Grammar set is tiered: `zig`; `minimal` (c, cpp,
-//! zig); and `full`, which adds ~23 languages lazily on first use.
+//! zig); and `full`, which adds ~24 languages lazily on first use.
 const std = @import("std");
 const config = @import("pardes_config");
 const tracy = @import("tracy.zig");
@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@ fn synFor(name: []const u8) Syn {
         .{ "string", .string },
         .{ "character", .string },
         .{ "number", .number },
+        .{ "numeric", .number },
         .{ "float", .number },
         .{ "boolean", .number },
         .{ "keyword", .keyword },
@@ -239,3 +240,26 @@ test "tree-sitter allocator callbacks preserve and free exact allocations" {
     try std.testing.expect(syntaxRealloc(live, 0) == null);
     live = null;
 }
+
+test "default full grammar set highlights Typst source" {
+    if (!enabled or !full_grammars) return;
+    start(std.testing.allocator);
+    defer stop();
+
+    const source = "// note\n#let answer = 42\n#let text = \"hello\"\n";
+    const styles = try highlightFileRange(std.testing.allocator, "paper.typst", source, 0, source.len);
+    defer std.testing.allocator.free(styles);
+
+    const comment_at = std.mem.indexOf(u8, source, "// note").?;
+    const keyword_at = std.mem.indexOf(u8, source, "let").?;
+    const number_at = std.mem.indexOf(u8, source, "42").?;
+    const string_at = std.mem.indexOf(u8, source, "\"hello\"").?;
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(Syn.comment, @as(Syn, @enumFromInt(styles[comment_at])));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(Syn.keyword, @as(Syn, @enumFromInt(styles[keyword_at])));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(Syn.number, @as(Syn, @enumFromInt(styles[number_at])));
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(Syn.string, @as(Syn, @enumFromInt(styles[string_at])));
+
+    const short_ext = try highlightFileRange(std.testing.allocator, "paper.typ", source, 0, source.len);
+    defer std.testing.allocator.free(short_ext);
+    try std.testing.expectEqual(Syn.keyword, @as(Syn, @enumFromInt(short_ext[keyword_at])));
+}