path: root/src/exec.zig

//! Executing a word (acme's exec.c): a builtin line or a command typed into
//! a terminal, the builtin dispatch and settings, the operand a click or
//! chord hands over, the terminals commands run in, placing a document, and
//! saving a pane.
const pardes = @import("pardes.zig");
const tagline = @import("tagline.zig");
const std = @import("std");
const layout = @import("layout.zig");
const modal = @import("modal.zig");
const look = @import("look.zig");
const panes = @import("panes.zig");
const normal = @import("normal.zig");
const edit = @import("edit.zig");
const body_layer = @import("body_layer.zig");
const colors = @import("colors.zig");
const themes = colors.themes;
const builtins = @import("builtins.zig");
const config = @import("config.zig");
const grammars = @import("grammar_manifest.zig").all;
const python_lang = blk: {
    @setEvalBranchQuota(20_000);
    break :blk @import("grammar_manifest.zig").byName("python").?;
};
const pdf_enabled = panes.Pdf.enabled;
const font_picker = pardes.font_picker;
const hosted = pardes.hosted;
const fonts = pardes.fonts;
const Pane = panes.Pane;
const MAX_COLS = pardes.MAX_COLS;
const BOX_H = pardes.BOX_H;
const Builtin = pardes.Builtin;
const Key = pardes.Key;
const sel_slot = pardes.sel_slot;
const Pardes = pardes.Pardes;

pub fn takesCommandLine(p: *const Pardes, id: usize) bool {
    const pane = p.panes[id] orelse return false;
    // A command pane's child is its command, never a shell to type at.
    if (!pane.isTerminal() or pane.command != null) return false;
    // Someone's line at the shell's prompt, typed and not sent: typing a
    // command there would run it joined to theirs (`echo TYPEDls`). Only an
    // idle, EMPTY prompt is typed at; otherwise a new pane runs the line.
    // (Text in pardes's own edit buffer is not the shell's yet: an exec of
    // it, or of anything, types only what it runs.)
    if (panes.terminal.promptInputReady(pane) and !panes.terminal.promptInputEmpty(pane)) return false;
    // A mounted shell sits behind sudo's process supervisor. Its OSC 133
    // prompt marks identify input readiness; the launcher's executable is
    // not the shell executable used by the ordinary process heuristic.
    if (pane.v9fs_on_spawn) return panes.terminal.promptInputReady(pane);
    return !p.hostTtyTaken(id);
}

pub fn chordEachSel(p: *Pardes, pane: *Pane, cmd: Builtin) bool {
    if (pane.body.nsel == 0) return false;
    const text = edit.flatSurface(p, &pane.body) catch return false;
    var ranges: [panes.Text.max_selections]modal.Selection = undefined;
    const got = pane.body.ranges(text, 0, &ranges);
    if (got.n < 2) return false;

    var texts: [panes.Text.max_selections][]u8 = undefined;
    var made: usize = 0;
    defer for (texts[0..made]) |t| p.gpa.free(t);
    for (ranges[0..got.n]) |range| {
        const lo = @min(range.anchor, range.head);
        const hi = @max(range.anchor, range.head);
        if (hi > text.len) break;
        texts[made] = p.gpa.dupe(u8, text[lo..hi]) catch break;
        made += 1;
    }
    // All or nothing, like the pipe: half a chord is not a chord.
    if (made != got.n) return false;

    const id = p.active;
    const serial = pane.serial;
    pane.body.vsel.active = false;
    pane.body.msel.active = false;
    pane.body.select = false;
    pane.body.nsel = 0; // the chord consumed them, exactly as it consumes one

    var primary_active: ?usize = null;
    for (texts[0..made], 0..) |txt, i| {
        // Every selection is the body's, each one sent as the first is.
        runBuiltinFrom(p, cmd, id, "", txt, true);
        if (i == got.pri) primary_active = p.active;
        const still = p.panes[id] orelse break;
        if (still.serial != serial) break;
    }
    if (primary_active) |a| if (p.panes[a] != null) {
        p.active = a;
    };
    return true;
}

pub const PointerOperand = struct {
    /// Absolute body position corresponding to the pointed screen cell.
    row: i32,
    col: i32,
    /// Exactly what a no-drag middle/right click will dispatch.
    text: ?[]const u8 = null,
    /// What hover paints. Null names the pane's live modal selection.
    preview: ?Pane.Sel = null,
    /// File words stay logical so a soft-wrapped operand is not cut into
    /// unrelated rendered fragments. Null for tags and non-file panes.
    file_word: ?look.FileWordSpan = null,
    /// A newly expanded word is installed in the gesture's button slot;
    /// an existing selection is only borrowed and must not replace it.
    expanded: ?Pane.Sel = null,
};

pub fn pointerOperand(p: *Pardes, pane: *Pane, clicked: Pane.Sel) PointerOperand {
    const visible = clicked.r0 - @as(i32, pane.tag_rows);
    const wrapped = pane.wrapAt(visible);
    const raw = pane.isTerminal() and pane.body.mode == .tty and clicked.r0 >= pane.tag_rows;
    const row = if (raw) panes.terminal.gridOffset(pane) + visible else wrapped.line;
    const raw_line = if (raw) modal.lineSlice(body_layer.bodyText(p, p.scratch.allocator(), pane) catch "", @intCast(@max(0, visible))) else "";
    const col = if (raw)
        @as(i32, @intCast(panes.File.rawAtDisplay(raw_line, @intCast(@max(0, clicked.c0)))))
    else if (clicked.r0 >= pane.tag_rows)
        edit.paneByteAtDisplay(
            p,
            &pane.body,
            wrapped.line,
            wrapped.at,
            clicked.c0 - (if (pane.file != null) @as(i32, panes.File.gutterWidth(pane)) else 0),
        )
    else
        clicked.c0;
    var result: PointerOperand = .{ .row = row, .col = col };

    const kept = pane.sel[sel_slot];
    const inside_kept = if (pane.pointerSelection(kept)) |rows| inside: {
        if (clicked.r0 < pane.tag_rows) break :inside false;
        if (pane.file != null and clicked.c0 < panes.File.gutterWidth(pane)) break :inside false;
        const source_col: usize = @intCast(@max(0, col));
        for (rows) |span| {
            const target = if (span.raw_terminal)
                (if (raw) span.row else pane.surfRow(span.row))
            else
                (if (raw) pane.gridRow(span.row) else span.row);
            var lo = span.lo;
            var hi = span.hi;
            if (span.raw_terminal and !raw) {
                lo -|= span.prompt_bytes;
                hi -|= span.prompt_bytes;
            } else if (!span.raw_terminal and raw) {
                const prefix = panes.terminal.promptPrefixBytes(pane, row, raw_line);
                lo += prefix;
                hi += prefix;
            }
            if (target == row and source_col >= lo and source_col < hi)
                break :inside true;
        }
        break :inside false;
    } else edit.spanHas(clicked.r0, clicked.c0, kept.r0, kept.c0, kept.r1, kept.c1);
    if (kept.state == .done and inside_kept) {
        result.text = edit.selectionText(p, pane, kept) catch null;
        result.preview = kept;
        return result;
    }
    if (pane.body.vsel.active and pane.body.vsel.explicit and
        edit.spanHas(row, col, pane.body.vsel.row, pane.body.vsel.col, pane.body.cur_row, pane.body.cur_col))
    {
        result.text = edit.currentSelText(p, pane);
        return result;
    }
    if (pane.body.msel.active and row >= @min(pane.body.msel.r0, pane.body.msel.r1) and
        row <= @max(pane.body.msel.r0, pane.body.msel.r1))
    {
        result.text = edit.currentSelText(p, pane);
        return result;
    }
    // In a diff, a file or hunk header, and a hunk line pointed at on its
    // `+`/`-`/` ` prefix, are looked at whole: the place the line names
    // (look.diffLook). A hunk line's code is words, looked at as ever:
    // the code's, the prefix never one of them.
    var word_from: usize = 0;
    if (clicked.r0 >= pane.tag_rows and clicked.r0 == clicked.r1 and clicked.c0 == clicked.c1 and row >= 0) diff: {
        const lines = look.diffLines(p, pane) orelse break :diff;
        const at: usize = @intCast(row);
        if (at >= lines.len) break :diff;
        const line = lines[at];
        const target = @import("diff.zig").targetAt(lines, at, pane.file == null) orelse break :diff;
        const on_prefix = col == 0 and line.len > 0 and std.mem.indexOfScalar(u8, "+- ", line[0]) != null;
        switch (target.kind) {
            .context, .added, .removed => if (!on_prefix) {
                word_from = @intFromBool(line.len > 0 and std.mem.indexOfScalar(u8, "+- ", line[0]) != null);
                break :diff;
            },
            else => {},
        }
        result.text = line;
        p.diff_look = .{ .serial = pane.serial, .row = at };
        const hi = std.math.cast(i32, line.len) orelse return result;
        if (hi == 0) return result;
        var expanded = clicked;
        if (pane.file != null) {
            result.file_word = .{ .row = row, .lo = 0, .hi = hi };
            const first = pane.wrapRow(row, 0);
            const last = pane.wrapRow(row, hi - 1);
            if (first.row < 0 or last.row < 0) return result;
            expanded.r0 = first.row + @as(i32, pane.tag_rows);
            expanded.c0 = @as(i32, panes.File.gutterWidth(pane)) + panes.File.displayOffset(pane, row, first.at, 0);
            expanded.r1 = last.row + @as(i32, pane.tag_rows);
            expanded.c1 = @as(i32, panes.File.gutterWidth(pane)) + panes.File.displayEndOffset(pane, row, last.at, hi - 1);
        } else {
            const shown = if (raw) raw_line else line;
            expanded.c0 = 0;
            expanded.c1 = @as(i32, @intCast(panes.File.rawDisplayCol(shown, shown.len))) - 1;
        }
        result.preview = expanded;
        result.expanded = expanded;
        return result;
    }
    if (pane.file != null and clicked.r0 >= pane.tag_rows and clicked.r0 == clicked.r1 and clicked.c0 == clicked.c1) {
        const line = panes.File.sourceLine(pane, row);
        const source_col: usize = @intCast(@max(0, col));
        if (source_col < word_from or word_from > line.len) return result;
        const word = look.expandedWord(line[word_from..], source_col - word_from) orelse return result;
        const b: look.ExpandedWord = .{ .lo = word.lo + word_from, .hi = word.hi + word_from };
        const lo = std.math.cast(i32, b.lo) orelse return result;
        const hi = std.math.cast(i32, b.hi) orelse return result;
        result.text = line[b.lo..b.hi];
        result.file_word = .{ .row = row, .lo = lo, .hi = hi };

        var expanded = clicked;
        const first = pane.wrapRow(row, lo);
        const last = pane.wrapRow(row, hi - 1);
        if (first.row >= 0 and last.row >= 0) {
            expanded.r0 = first.row + @as(i32, pane.tag_rows);
            expanded.c0 = @as(i32, panes.File.gutterWidth(pane)) + panes.File.displayOffset(pane, row, first.at, lo);
            expanded.r1 = last.row + @as(i32, pane.tag_rows);
            expanded.c1 = @as(i32, panes.File.gutterWidth(pane)) + panes.File.displayEndOffset(pane, row, last.at, hi - 1);
        }
        result.preview = expanded;
        result.expanded = expanded;
        return result;
    }

    const expanded = look.expandedSel(p, pane, clicked) orelse return result;
    result.text = edit.selectionText(p, pane, expanded) catch null;
    if (result.text == null or result.text.?.len == 0) return result;
    result.preview = expanded;
    result.expanded = expanded;
    return result;
}

pub fn heldSelection(p: *Pardes, first: usize) ?[]const u8 {
    var k: usize = 0;
    while (k < p.panes.len + 2) : (k += 1) {
        const i = switch (k) {
            0 => first,
            1 => p.active,
            else => k - 2,
        };
        if (k > 0 and (i == first or (k > 1 and i == p.active))) continue;
        const t = p.panes[i] orelse continue;
        if (comptime pdf_enabled) if (p.native_images) if (t.pdf) |pv| {
            if (pv.selection != null and pv.selection_text.len > 0)
                return pv.selection_text;
        };
        if (t.sel[sel_slot].state == .done) {
            if (edit.selectionText(p, t, t.sel[sel_slot]) catch null) |tx| return tx;
        } else if ((t.body.vsel.active and t.body.vsel.explicit) or t.body.msel.active) {
            if (edit.currentSelText(p, t)) |tx| return tx;
        }
    }
    return null;
}

/// Where the selection `heldSelection` would give is, as acme's argument
/// location (exec.c:162, getbytearg): `path:#q0,#q1` of a file pane's dot.
pub fn heldSelectionPlace(p: *Pardes, first: usize, buf: []u8) ?[]const u8 {
    var k: usize = 0;
    while (k < p.panes.len + 2) : (k += 1) {
        const i = switch (k) {
            0 => first,
            1 => p.active,
            else => k - 2,
        };
        if (k > 0 and (i == first or (k > 1 and i == p.active))) continue;
        const t = p.panes[i] orelse continue;
        if (t.sel[sel_slot].state == .done) return null; // a pointer selection: no byte range kept
        if ((t.body.vsel.active and t.body.vsel.explicit) or t.body.msel.active) {
            const f = t.file orelse return null;
            const d = @import("ninep/pane.zig").dotOf(t);
            return std.fmt.bufPrint(buf, "{s}:#{d},#{d}", .{ f.path, d.q0, d.q1 }) catch null;
        }
    }
    return null;
}

/// A clicked word and the selection held for it, as one command line.
pub fn withArg(p: *Pardes, txt: []const u8, arg: ?[]const u8) []const u8 {
    const a = std.mem.trim(u8, arg orelse return txt, " \t\r\n");
    if (a.len == 0) return txt;
    const t = std.mem.trim(u8, txt, " \t\r\n");
    // A switch (Verbose, PanelSlide, Crt) clicked with some other text
    // selected flips, as it does bare: only `on` or `off` is an argument
    // for it. What a ctl write gives it is checked strictly instead.
    if (config.Runtime.find(commandText(t))) |setting| switch (setting.action) {
        .toggle, .transition, .scene => if (!std.mem.eql(u8, a, "on") and !std.mem.eql(u8, a, "off")) return txt,
        else => {},
    };
    return std.fmt.allocPrint(p.scratch.allocator(), "{s} {s}", .{ t, a }) catch txt;
}

/// Enter on a save input: the path is everything past the marker.
pub fn submitSave(p: *Pardes, id: usize) void {
    const pane = p.panes[id] orelse return;
    if (pane.prompt != .save) return;
    const armed = pane.promptText() orelse return;
    if (!std.mem.startsWith(u8, armed, config.save_marker)) return;
    const path = std.mem.trim(u8, armed[config.save_marker.len..], " \t\r\n");
    if (path.len == 0) return;
    saveTo(p, id, path);
}

/// Write the file this pane already has: acme's Put, and the one Save that
/// needs no argument because the path was never a question.
pub fn saveFile(p: *Pardes, id: usize) void {
    const pane = p.panes[id] orelse return;
    const f = if (pane.file) |*file| file else return;
    if (f.output != null) return; // nothing behind it yet: saveTo, with a path
    // Its file changed on disk under these edits: once, as acme's Put says
    // "modified since last read" (exec.c:577), and the next Save writes.
    if (f.disk_newer != null) {
        if (!f.disk_newer_warned) {
            f.disk_newer_warned = true;
            var said: [Pardes.SavePath.cap + 64]u8 = undefined;
            return p.reportFailure(id, std.fmt.bufPrint(&said, "{s} modified on disk since read (Save again to overwrite)", .{f.path}) catch "modified on disk since read (Save again to overwrite)");
        }
        f.disk_newer = null;
    }
    p.emit(.{ .save_file = .{ .pane = @intCast(id) } });
}

pub fn saveTo(p: *Pardes, id: usize, path: []const u8) void {
    const pane = p.panes[id] orelse return;
    if (path.len == 0 or path[path.len - 1] == '/' or
        std.mem.indexOfScalar(u8, path, '\n') != null)
        return p.reportError(id, "save", error.NoFilename);
    var home_buf: [4096]u8 = undefined;
    const full = std.fs.path.resolvePosix(
        p.scratch.allocator(),
        &.{ Pardes.paneDir(pane), @import("fs.zig").expandHome(path, &home_buf) },
    ) catch return;
    if (!std.fs.path.isAbsolute(full)) return p.reportError(id, "save", error.NoDirectory);
    if (full.len > Pardes.SavePath.cap) return p.reportError(id, "save", error.PathTooLong);
    const f = if (pane.file) |*file| file else {
        // a terminal writes its scrollback; an image and a PDF have nothing
        // of their own that is unwritten, so they have nothing to write
        if (pane.isTerminal()) askWrite(p, id, pane.serial, full);
        return;
    };
    // A scratch takes the name once the write is done (promoteSaved): a
    // Save that fails changes nothing, the name included.
    if (f.output != null and panes.Output.fileTraits(f.output).saves) {
        p.emit(.{ .save_text = .{
            .pane = @intCast(id),
            .serial = pane.serial,
            .path = Pardes.SavePath.from(full),
            .promote = true,
        } });
        return;
    }
    // its own path, spelled out: the in-place write, so the pane comes clean
    if (f.output == null and std.mem.eql(u8, f.path, full)) return saveFile(p, id);
    askWrite(p, id, pane.serial, full);
}

fn askWrite(p: *Pardes, id: usize, serial: u32, path: []const u8) void {
    p.emit(.{ .save_text = .{
        .pane = @intCast(id),
        .serial = serial,
        .path = Pardes.SavePath.from(path),
    } });
}

/// Tty: a shell in the caller's directory, raw from the first frame,
/// stacked below the caller like Alt-n's new shell.
pub fn spawnTty(p: *Pardes, from: usize) ?*Pane {
    return spawnTtyWithMount(p, from, false);
}

pub fn spawnV9fsTty(p: *Pardes, from: usize) void {
    if (comptime !hosted or @import("builtin").os.tag != .linux)
        return p.reportError(from, "Tty9p", error.LinuxRequired);
    if (p.fs.socket_path.len == 0)
        return p.reportError(from, "Tty9p", error.SessionSocketRequired);
    _ = spawnTtyWithMount(p, from, true);
}

fn spawnTtyWithMount(p: *Pardes, from: usize, v9fs: bool) ?*Pane {
    // No pane asking (an empty window's tag): the session's directory, as
    // New's scratch is.
    // A directory that is not there makes no terminal: its shell could not
    // start in it, and a dead pane would answer no run. Asked only of a host
    // that starts shells (none, as in the core's tests, starts none).
    const dir = p.execDir(from);
    if (missingDir(p, dir)) {
        var said: [pardes.memory.limits.host_path_cap + 48]u8 = undefined;
        p.reportFailure(from, std.fmt.bufPrint(&said, "Tty: {s}: no such directory", .{dir}) catch "Tty: no such directory");
        return null;
    }
    const free = p.freeSlot() orelse {
        p.reportError(from, "Tty", error.NoPaneSlots);
        return null;
    };
    const nt = p.newShell(free, dir) catch |err| {
        if (err == error.PathTooLong) {
            p.reportFailure(from, std.fmt.comptimePrint("Tty: its directory is longer than a path may be ({d} bytes)", .{pardes.memory.limits.host_path_cap}));
            return null;
        }
        p.reportError(from, "Tty", err);
        return null;
    };
    nt.greet = !v9fs;
    nt.v9fs_on_spawn = v9fs;
    nt.body.mode = .tty;
    placeNew(p, from, from, free, .shell);
    return nt;
}

/// Whether a shell would be started in `dir` and `dir` is not there: asked
/// only of a host that starts shells, and only of a local path.
pub fn missingDir(p: *Pardes, dir: []const u8) bool {
    if (comptime !hosted) return false;
    if (p.host.vtable.spawn == null) return false;
    const local = @import("fs.zig").localPath(dir) orelse return false;
    return !isDirectory(local);
}

/// Whether `path` is a directory on this host, the turn out while it asks
/// (it may be inside a mount this editor serves).
pub fn isDirectory(path: []const u8) bool {
    var buf: [4096]u8 = undefined;
    const z = std.fmt.bufPrintSentinel(&buf, "{s}", .{path}, 0) catch return false;
    pardes.turn.yield();
    defer pardes.turn.back();
    const stat = @import("fs.zig").statPath(std.Io.Threaded.global_single_threaded.io(), z, .{}) catch return false;
    return stat.kind == .directory;
}

/// Whether `path` is a plain file on this host, the turn out while it asks.
pub fn isFile(path: []const u8) bool {
    return kindOf(path) == .file;
}

/// What `path` is on this host, null when it is not there; the turn out
/// while it asks.
pub fn kindOf(path: []const u8) ?std.Io.File.Kind {
    var buf: [4096]u8 = undefined;
    const z = std.fmt.bufPrintSentinel(&buf, "{s}", .{path}, 0) catch return null;
    pardes.turn.yield();
    defer pardes.turn.back();
    const stat = @import("fs.zig").statPath(std.Io.Threaded.global_single_threaded.io(), z, .{}) catch return null;
    return stat.kind;
}

/// With `BootShell replace`, a doc landing in `col` closes a lone pristine
/// shell there, the boot's placeholder, and absorbVWeight hands its space to
/// the doc. With `keep`, the default, the shell stays like any other pane.
pub fn evictLonePristineTty(p: *Pardes, col: usize, keep_id: usize) void {
    if (p.settings.boot_shell == .keep) return;
    var n_tty: usize = 0;
    var tty_id: usize = 0;
    for (0..p.col_n[col]) |k| {
        const cid = p.col_panes[col][k];
        if (p.panes[cid]) |ct| if (ct.isTerminal()) {
            n_tty += 1;
            tty_id = cid;
        };
    }
    if (n_tty != 1) return;
    const tt = p.panes[tty_id] orelse return;
    // No typing, cursor on the first prompt line, no scrollback: this is
    // the throwaway boot placeholder a document may replace.
    if (tt.ovl != null or panes.terminal.gridCursor(tt).y != 0 or
        panes.terminal.scrollbar(tt).total > tt.rows) return;
    p.deinitPane(tt) catch |err| return p.reportError(tty_id, "close", err);
    layout.compute(p); // a just-stacked doc has no rect yet; absorb snaps to rows
    _ = layout.absorbVWeight(p, tty_id, null);
    layout.removePane(p, tty_id);
    p.panes[tty_id] = null;
    if (p.active == tty_id) p.active = keep_id;
}

// ---- REPLs ----
//
// A terminal is bound as a language's REPL by `Repl python` (builtins.zig).
// An exec made by a gesture on the body of a file in that language -- or on
// the REPL's own body -- is sent to it as input rather than run: all of it,
// a word like `ls` too. The tag's words, `Exec` by name and a command word
// `@`...`` still run as commands.

/// A file pane's language, as grammar_manifest names it, by its index.
pub fn langOf(pane: *const Pane) ?u8 {
    const f = pane.file orelse return null;
    return @intCast(@import("grammar_manifest.zig").byPath(f.path) orelse return null);
}

/// A bound REPL whose program is there to take input: a command pane's
/// while its command runs; an interactive terminal's while a program, not
/// the shell, has its tty (the host's `tty_taken`) -- a python3 left with
/// Ctrl-D leaves the shell, which would run `import os` as ImageMagick's.
pub fn replLive(p: *const Pardes, id: usize) bool {
    const pane = p.panes[id] orelse return false;
    if (pane.repl == null) return false;
    if (pane.command != null) return !pane.command_done;
    return p.hostTtyTaken(id);
}

/// `python-a`.
pub fn replId(buf: []u8, pane: *const Pane) []const u8 {
    const r = pane.repl orelse return "";
    return std.fmt.bufPrint(buf, "{s}-{c}", .{ grammars[r.lang].name, r.letter }) catch "";
}

const Routed = union(enum) { none, sent: usize, asked };

/// The REPL bound here has no program running to take the text: said,
/// and nothing sent or run.
fn replGone(p: *Pardes, from: usize, repl: *const Pane) Routed {
    var idbuf: [48]u8 = undefined;
    var said: [128]u8 = undefined;
    p.setMessage(from, std.fmt.bufPrint(&said, "Repl: {s} has no program running; nothing sent", .{replId(&idbuf, repl)}) catch "Repl: no program running");
    return .asked;
}

/// Where an exec from `from`'s body goes when a REPL is bound for it: the
/// one there is, or a question when there are several.
fn routeToRepl(p: *Pardes, from: usize, text: []const u8) Routed {
    const src = p.panes[from] orelse return .none;
    if (src.repl != null) {
        if (!replLive(p, from)) return replGone(p, from, src);
        sendToRepl(p, from, from, text);
        return .{ .sent = from };
    }
    const lang = langOf(src) orelse return .none;
    var bound: [26]usize = undefined;
    var n: usize = 0;
    var gone: ?usize = null;
    for (p.panes, 0..) |slot, i| if (slot) |pane| if (pane.repl) |r| if (r.lang == lang and n < bound.len) {
        if (!replLive(p, i)) {
            gone = i;
            continue;
        }
        bound[n] = i;
        n += 1;
    };
    if (n == 0) return if (gone) |i| replGone(p, from, p.panes[i].?) else .none;
    if (n == 1) {
        sendToRepl(p, from, bound[0], text);
        return .{ .sent = bound[0] };
    }
    // Several: asked on the pane's notice band, as Del asks, one key
    // answering; nothing is remembered of the answer.
    const owned = p.gpa.dupe(u8, text) catch return .none;
    if (p.repl_ask) |old| p.gpa.free(old.text);
    p.repl_ask = .{ .from = src.serial, .lang = lang, .text = owned };
    for (bound[0..n]) |i| p.repl_ask.?.offered[p.panes[i].?.repl.?.letter - 'a'] = p.panes[i].?.serial;
    var w = std.Io.Writer.fixed(&src.question);
    w.print("send to {s}:", .{grammars[lang].name}) catch {};
    for (bound[0..n]) |i| w.print("  {c}", .{p.panes[i].?.repl.?.letter}) catch {};
    w.writeAll("  (Esc: none)") catch {};
    src.question_len = @intCast(w.buffered().len);
    src.prompt = .repl_choice;
    p.active = from;
    var rec: [96]u8 = undefined;
    var rw = std.Io.Writer.fixed(&rec);
    rw.print("{d} repl", .{src.serial}) catch {};
    for (bound[0..n]) |i| rw.print(" {c}", .{p.panes[i].?.repl.?.letter}) catch {};
    pardes.ctlfs.events.notePath(p, "ask", rw.buffered());
    return .asked;
}

const repl_enter_wait_ns: u64 = 250 * std.time.ns_per_ms;
/// Python echoes a long paste over several reads: its Enter waits for the
/// echo to go quiet this long, not for the first of it.
const repl_quiet_ns: u64 = 100 * std.time.ns_per_ms;

/// The host's clock now; core time (`now_ns`, `stepped_ns`) is as old as
/// the last frame, seconds in an idle session.
fn clockNow(p: *Pardes) u64 {
    return if (p.host.vtable.now) |clock| clock(p.host.ctx) else p.now_ns;
}

/// Sends the Enters a paste into pane `id`'s REPL is owed: when the REPL
/// has answered it (`answered`), or once the wait is up. Python's answer
/// only restarts a short wait, so the Enter goes once its echo of the
/// whole paste is in (a multi-line paste read in part would leave it at
/// `...`).
pub fn flushReplEnter(p: *Pardes, id: usize, answered: bool) void {
    const pane = p.panes[id] orelse return;
    if (pane.repl_enter == 0) return;
    if (answered and (if (pane.repl) |r| r.lang == python_lang else false)) {
        pane.repl_enter_due_ns = clockNow(p) + repl_quiet_ns;
        return;
    }
    if (!answered and p.now_ns < pane.repl_enter_due_ns) return;
    for (0..pane.repl_enter) |_| p.emitWrite(id, "\r");
    pane.repl_enter = 0;
}

fn pythonBlockOpen(text: []const u8) bool {
    const trimmed = std.mem.trimEnd(u8, text, " \t\n");
    const start = if (std.mem.lastIndexOfScalar(u8, trimmed, '\n')) |nl| nl + 1 else 0;
    const last = trimmed[start..];
    return last.len > 0 and (last[0] == ' ' or last[0] == '\t' or last[last.len - 1] == ':');
}

/// Types `text` into the REPL in `to`, bracketed if its program asked for
/// that, then Enter; says so on `from`'s message row and in the log.
pub fn sendToRepl(p: *Pardes, from: usize, to: usize, text: []const u8) void {
    const dst = p.panes[to] orelse return;
    const src = p.panes[from] orelse return;
    var idbuf: [48]u8 = undefined;
    const id = replId(&idbuf, dst);
    // Lines end in \n alone (a \r\n would give Python a blank line that
    // ends its block), and no ESC or other control byte but a tab goes: an
    // ESC[201~ in the text would end a bracketed paste early.
    const clean = p.scratch.allocator().alloc(u8, text.len) catch return;
    var n: usize = 0;
    for (text, 0..) |c, i| {
        if (c == '\r') {
            if (i + 1 < text.len and text[i + 1] == '\n') continue;
            clean[n] = '\n';
        } else if (c < ' ' and c != '\t' and c != '\n' or c == 0x7f) continue else clean[n] = c;
        n += 1;
    }
    // Sent whole or not at all: a send cut short would leave the REPL in a
    // paste, or with half a block.
    if (n + 16 > p.writeRoom(to)) {
        var said: [128]u8 = undefined;
        return p.setMessage(from, std.fmt.bufPrint(&said, "Repl: {d} bytes is more than can be sent at once; send less", .{n}) catch "Repl: too long to send");
    }
    const pasted = panes.terminal.bracketedPaste(dst);
    edit.typeToTty(p, to, dst, clean[0..n]);
    // A Python block whose last line is indented, or a bare header, is not
    // over at one Enter, pasted into 3.13's REPL or typed into the old one:
    // the blank line a second Enter gives ends it.
    // So is a paste of more than one line: 3.13's REPL takes it as one
    // input, which one Enter leaves at `...`.
    const python = if (dst.repl) |r| r.lang == python_lang else false;
    const lines = std.mem.count(u8, std.mem.trim(u8, clean[0..n], " \t\n"), "\n") + 1;
    const enters: u8 = if (python and (pythonBlockOpen(clean[0..n]) or (pasted and lines > 1))) 2 else 1;
    if (pasted) {
        // An Enter read with the paste is part of it: 3.13's REPL takes it
        // as a newline in the pasted text, even a one-line one, and waits.
        // It goes once the REPL has answered the paste (its next output),
        // or after a moment if nothing comes.
        dst.repl_enter = enters;
        // From the clock now, not core time: idle (a detached session
        // nobody watches), `stepped_ns` and `now_ns` are as old as the last
        // frame, and a wait counted from there would be over already, the
        // Enter going out with the paste.
        dst.repl_enter_due_ns = clockNow(p) + repl_enter_wait_ns;
    } else for (0..enters) |_| p.emitWrite(to, "\r");
    // Line by line, a blank line inside a Python block ends the block.
    if (!panes.terminal.bracketedPaste(dst) and !dst.repl_warned and (if (dst.repl) |r| r.lang == python_lang else false) and
        std.mem.indexOfScalar(u8, text, '\n') != null)
    {
        dst.repl_warned = true;
        var warn: [128]u8 = undefined;
        p.setMessage(from, std.fmt.bufPrint(&warn, "Repl: {s} takes no bracketed paste; a blank line in a block ends it", .{id}) catch "Repl: no bracketed paste");
    }
    var said: [64]u8 = undefined;
    p.setMessage(from, std.fmt.bufPrint(&said, "\u{2192} {s}", .{id}) catch "sent");
    src.msg_sent = true;
    var rec: [96]u8 = undefined;
    pardes.ctlfs.events.notePath(p, "send", std.fmt.bufPrint(&rec, "{d} {d} {s}", .{ src.serial, dst.serial, id }) catch return);
}

/// The longest line a command pane runs.
pub const command_max = 1024;

const max_exec_depth = 8;

/// A word no builtin knows (acme's exec.c run()). Clicked in an interactive
/// terminal, it is typed into that shell, whose state the click can see;
/// from anywhere else it runs as its own command pane, a terminal whose
/// child is `$SHELL -c` the line, which shows its output and `exit N` when
/// done, and which Kill signals. Answers the pane it went to.
pub fn execute(p: *Pardes, id: usize, txt: []const u8) ?usize {
    return executeFrom(p, id, txt, false);
}

/// `execute` for text a gesture took from `id`'s body when `from_body`:
/// such text may be a bound REPL's. Run by name (`Exec ...`, whose line
/// comes back through `execute`) or written as a command word, never.
/// A line that starts with `#` is a comment, as in a shell: it runs as
/// nothing, silently, wherever a line runs (exec, a ctl, the init file),
/// so DumpConfig's report reads back as configuration whole.
pub fn isComment(line: []const u8) bool {
    const t = std.mem.trimStart(u8, line, " \t");
    return t.len > 0 and t[0] == '#';
}

pub fn executeFrom(p: *Pardes, id: usize, txt: []const u8, from_body: bool) ?usize {
    if (isComment(commandText(txt))) return null;
    // An empty window runs its session words, and a command line in the
    // session's directory (execDir), as its workspace tag would.
    const pane = p.panes[id] orelse {
        const cmd = commandText(txt);
        if (cmd.len == 0 or executeBuiltinLine(p, id, cmd)) return null;
        return runCommand(p, id, cmd);
    };
    const gesture = from_body and config.commandWord(std.mem.trim(u8, txt, " \t\r\n")) == null;
    const cmd = commandText(txt);
    if (cmd.len == 0) return null;
    if (p.exec_depth == 0) p.noteHaptic(.exec);
    if (executeBuiltinLine(p, id, cmd)) return null;
    if (p.exec_depth >= max_exec_depth) return null;
    p.exec_depth += 1;
    defer p.exec_depth -= 1;
    if (gesture) switch (routeToRepl(p, id, cmd)) {
        .none => {},
        .sent => |to| return to,
        .asked => return null,
    };
    // A builtin or setting this build lacks (Fonts on a terminal) is said,
    // never run as a shell command.
    const word = cmd[0 .. std.mem.indexOfAny(u8, cmd, " \t") orelse cmd.len];
    if (builtins.absentWhy(word) orelse if (config.Runtime.find(word) != null) @as([]const u8, "GUI-only") else null) |why| {
        var said: [96]u8 = undefined;
        p.reportFailure(id, std.fmt.bufPrint(&said, "{s} is {s}, invalid here", .{ word, why }) catch "GUI-only, invalid here");
        return null;
    }
    if (!takesCommandLine(p, id)) return runCommand(p, id, cmd);
    panes.terminal.padOutputBelowEdits(p, id);
    panes.terminal.noteCommand(pane, cmd);
    if (panes.terminal.queuePendingCommand(pane, cmd) catch |err| {
        p.reportError(id, "queue command", err);
        return id;
    }) return id;
    p.emitWrite(id, cmd);
    p.emitWrite(id, "\r");
    return id;
}

/// Runs `line` in a command pane for `from`'s directory: `from` itself if
/// it is one whose command is done, else the directory's command pane that
/// is done, else a new one, placed as placeNew places a command pane.
/// A pane reused keeps what it showed: the new command runs below a line
/// naming it, as acme appends to +Errors and never clears it (util.c:213).
fn runCommand(p: *Pardes, from: usize, line: []const u8) ?usize {
    // The board and the web page start no processes: a command pane there
    // would say running for ever, and fill the slots.
    if (comptime !hosted) {
        p.reportFailure(from, "exec: not a builtin, and this build runs no commands");
        return null;
    }
    if (line.len > command_max) {
        p.reportFailure(from, "exec: a command line is at most 1024 bytes");
        return null;
    }
    // None asking (an empty window): the session's directory, no pane of
    // its own to reuse.
    const src = p.panes[from];
    const dir = p.execDir(from);
    // A directory that is not there runs nothing, as Tty makes nothing
    // there: no pane, and the write fails ENOENT.
    if (missingDir(p, dir)) {
        var said: [pardes.memory.limits.host_path_cap + 48]u8 = undefined;
        p.reportFailure(from, std.fmt.bufPrint(&said, "exec: {s}: no such directory", .{dir}) catch "exec: no such directory");
        return null;
    }
    // Not one whose pty a job it left behind still prints to: reusing it
    // would hang that job up.
    // From a column's tag, only a finished pane in that column is reused,
    // as the new one goes in that column (placeNew).
    const reuse: ?usize = if (p.exec_column == null and src != null and src.?.command != null and src.?.command_done and !src.?.command_pty) from else for (p.panes, 0..) |slot, i| {
        const other = slot orelse continue;
        if (p.exec_column) |c| if (if (layout.findPane(p, i)) |f| f.col != c else true) continue;
        if (other.command != null and other.command_done and !other.command_pty and std.mem.eql(u8, other.cwdSlice(), dir)) break i;
    } else null;
    if (reuse) |id| {
        const pane = p.panes[id].?;
        const owned = p.gpa.dupe(u8, line) catch |err| {
            p.reportError(from, "exec", err);
            return null;
        };
        p.gpa.free(pane.command.?);
        pane.command = owned;
        p.diff_output.drop(p.gpa, pane.serial);
        pane.command_done = false;
        pane.command_status = null;
        pane.command_pty = true;
        pane.body.mode = .tty;
        // What the last program left the emulator in goes first: the
        // alternate screen left (only if it is there: leaving restores a
        // saved cursor), mouse reports and bracketed paste off, the cursor
        // shown, colours reset. (Not DECSTR: ghostty's stream does not
        // implement it.)
        if (panes.terminal.onAlternateScreen(pane)) panes.terminal.feedOutput(p, pane, "\x1b[?1049l");
        panes.terminal.feedOutput(p, pane, "\x1b[?1000l\x1b[?1002l\x1b[?1003l\x1b[?1006l\x1b[?2004l\x1b[?25h\x1b[0m");
        echoCommand(p, pane, line);
        p.emitSpawn(id, pane.serial, pane.cwdSlice());
        noteRun(p, pane, "run", line);
        return id;
    }
    const free = p.freeSlot() orelse {
        p.reportError(from, "exec", error.NoPaneSlots);
        return null;
    };
    const pane = p.newCommand(free, dir, line) catch |err| {
        p.reportError(from, "exec", err);
        return null;
    };
    echoCommand(p, pane, line);
    placeNew(p, from, from, free, .command);
    noteRun(p, pane, "run", line);
    return free;
}

/// `% line` above a command's output, every command, as a shell echoes
/// what it was given; its newlines the terminal's, so a multi-line command
/// does not staircase.
fn echoCommand(p: *Pardes, pane: *Pane, line: []const u8) void {
    var buf: [2 * command_max + 8]u8 = undefined;
    var w = std.Io.Writer.fixed(&buf);
    w.writeAll(if (panes.terminal.gridCursor(pane).x != 0) "\r\n% " else "% ") catch {};
    for (line) |c| (if (c == '\n') w.writeAll("\r\n") else w.writeByte(c)) catch {};
    w.writeAll("\r\n") catch {};
    panes.terminal.feedOutput(p, pane, w.buffered());
}

/// `run <serial> <word>` or `exit <serial> <N|?>` in the log.
/// The whole line, one record as `msg` carries its text: its control
/// characters, a newline too, become spaces (events.pushLog). A new pane is
/// announced first, so `new` comes before the `run` in it.
pub fn noteRun(p: *Pardes, pane: *Pane, what: []const u8, said: []const u8) void {
    pardes.ctlfs.events.announce(p);
    var buf: [command_max + 16]u8 = undefined;
    pardes.ctlfs.events.notePath(p, what, std.fmt.bufPrint(&buf, "{d} {s}", .{ pane.serial, std.mem.trim(u8, said, " \t\r\n") }) catch return);
}

/// A command pane's child is gone: the pane stays, showing what it said
/// and how it ended, and is the next command's for its directory.
pub fn commandDone(p: *Pardes, id: usize, status: ?u8) void {
    const pane = p.panes[id] orelse return;
    pane.command_done = true;
    // A REPL it was is gone with its command; the pane's next is not one.
    pane.repl = null;
    pane.command_status = status;
    pane.body.mode = .normal;
    var buf: [16]u8 = undefined;
    const code = if (status) |n| std.fmt.bufPrint(&buf, "{d}", .{n}) catch "?" else "?";
    var said: [32]u8 = undefined;
    const lead = if (panes.terminal.gridCursor(pane).x != 0) "\r\n" else "";
    panes.terminal.feedOutput(p, pane, std.fmt.bufPrint(&said, "{s}exit {s}\r\n", .{ lead, code }) catch "exit ?\r\n");
    noteRun(p, pane, "exit", code);
    p.needs_frame = true;
}

/// Trim and unwrap clickable command-word notation once for every command
/// consumer, so startup lines and interactive Exec speak the same syntax.
pub fn commandText(txt: []const u8) []const u8 {
    var cmd = std.mem.trim(u8, txt, " \t\r\n");
    while (config.commandWord(cmd)) |inner| cmd = std.mem.trim(u8, inner, " \t\r\n");
    return cmd;
}

/// The builtin a command line's first word names, as acme's lookup reads
/// only the first word (editors/acme/exec.c, lookup): what an event's
/// flag 1 says.
pub fn namesBuiltin(txt: []const u8) bool {
    const cmd = commandText(txt);
    const end = std.mem.indexOfAny(u8, cmd, " \t") orelse cmd.len;
    return std.meta.stringToEnum(Builtin, cmd[0..end]) != null;
}

/// acme's words, run by their pardes names (Put is Save; Delete is a Del
/// that does not ask), or refused, never run as a shell command: a Put that
/// exited 127 looked like a save that worked.
pub const acme_words = [_]struct { acme: []const u8, pardes: ?[]const u8, hint: []const u8 = "" }{
    .{ .acme = "Put", .pardes = "Save" },
    .{ .acme = "Delete", .pardes = "Del" },
    .{ .acme = "Get", .pardes = null, .hint = ": write get to the pane's ctl" },
    .{ .acme = "Putall", .pardes = null, .hint = ": Save each pane" },
    .{ .acme = "Snarf", .pardes = null, .hint = ": y yanks the selection" },
    .{ .acme = "Cut", .pardes = null, .hint = ": d deletes the selection into a register" },
    .{ .acme = "Paste", .pardes = null, .hint = ": p puts a register" },
    .{ .acme = "Zerox", .pardes = null },
    .{ .acme = "Sort", .pardes = null },
    .{ .acme = "Load", .pardes = null, .hint = ": Restore loads a dump" },
    .{ .acme = "ID", .pardes = null },
    .{ .acme = "Send", .pardes = null },
    .{ .acme = "Tab", .pardes = null },
    .{ .acme = "Indent", .pardes = null },
    .{ .acme = "Local", .pardes = null },
    .{ .acme = "Incl", .pardes = null },
    .{ .acme = "Abort", .pardes = null },
};

pub fn executeBuiltinLine(p: *Pardes, id: usize, txt: []const u8) bool {
    const raw = commandText(txt);
    if (raw.len == 0 or p.exec_depth >= max_exec_depth) return false;
    if (isComment(raw)) return true;
    const word_end = std.mem.indexOfAny(u8, raw, " \t") orelse raw.len;
    var renamed: [1024 + 16]u8 = undefined;
    const cmd = for (acme_words) |w| {
        if (!std.mem.eql(u8, raw[0..word_end], w.acme)) continue;
        const now = w.pardes orelse {
            var said: [128]u8 = undefined;
            p.reportFailure(id, std.fmt.bufPrint(&said, "invalid: acme's {s} is not a pardes builtin{s}", .{ w.acme, w.hint }) catch "invalid: an acme word pardes has not");
            return true;
        };
        // Delete: Del, the text thrown away unasked.
        if (std.mem.eql(u8, w.acme, "Delete")) if (p.panes[id]) |pane| if (pane.file) |f| {
            pane.discard_warned = .{ .revision = f.revision, .by = .Del };
        };
        break std.fmt.bufPrint(&renamed, "{s}{s}", .{ now, raw[word_end..] }) catch raw;
    } else raw;
    // `Word arg`, or for a word that says so, `Word+arg` (`Tty+fish`).
    const plus = std.mem.indexOfScalar(u8, cmd, '+');
    var sp = std.mem.indexOfAny(u8, cmd, " \t");
    if (sp == null) if (plus) |at| if (std.meta.stringToEnum(Builtin, cmd[0..at])) |head| {
        if (builtins.registry.plusArg(head)) sp = at;
    };
    const bi: ?Builtin = std.meta.stringToEnum(Builtin, cmd) orelse blk: {
        const head = std.meta.stringToEnum(Builtin, cmd[0 .. sp orelse break :blk null]) orelse break :blk null;
        break :blk if (builtins.registry.takesArg(head)) head else null;
    };
    const b = bi orelse return false;
    p.exec_depth += 1;
    defer p.exec_depth -= 1;
    const typed = if (sp) |s| std.mem.trim(u8, cmd[s + 1 ..], " \t") else "";
    runBuiltin(p, b, id, cmd, if (typed.len > 0) typed else null);
    return true;
}

pub fn applyStartupConfig(p: *Pardes) void {
    p.announce = false;
    defer p.announce = true;
    var lines = std.mem.splitScalar(u8, p.opts.startup_config orelse return, '\n');
    while (lines.next()) |line| {
        _ = executeBuiltinLine(p, p.active, line);
    }
}

pub fn runBuiltin(p: *Pardes, b: Builtin, id: usize, txt: []const u8, arg: ?[]const u8) void {
    runBuiltinFrom(p, b, id, txt, arg, false);
}

/// `runBuiltin` saying whether a gesture on the pane's body made it.
pub fn runBuiltinFrom(p: *Pardes, b: Builtin, id: usize, txt: []const u8, arg: ?[]const u8, from_body: bool) void {
    if (!normal.multiOnce(p)) return; // a builtin is per-keystroke, never per-cursor
    // No pane at all (the window Delcol emptied): a word runs all the same,
    // with a stand-in that is no pane (New, Newcol, Exit are what make sense).
    const pane = p.panes[id] orelse (if (builtins.registry.scope(b) == .session or p.anyPane() == null) p.standIn() orelse return else return);
    // A builtin says its own name before it runs, so a tagline click is
    // legible even when what it did is invisible. Whatever the builtin
    // then says for itself replaces the announcement. It is the message
    // row's only, never /log's: a msg record is something said.
    if (p.announce and p.settings.verbose and builtins.registry.announces(b)) {
        p.fs.unlogged = true;
        p.setMessage(id, @tagName(b));
        p.fs.unlogged = false;
        pane.msg_announcement = true;
    }
    // A word for one kind of pane, on another: refused with why, not a
    // silent nothing (Palette on a file, Filter on a PDF).
    if (builtins.registry.needs(b)) |kind| if (p.panes[id] == null or !kind.has(pane)) {
        var said: [96]u8 = undefined;
        return p.reportFailure(id, std.fmt.bufPrint(&said, "{s}: only {s} pane takes it", .{ @tagName(b), kind.noun() }) catch "only another kind of pane takes it");
    };
    const c: builtins.Ctx = .{ .p = p, .pane = pane, .id = id, .txt = txt, .arg = arg, .from_body = from_body };
    builtins.registry.dispatch(b, c);
}

pub fn applySettingBuiltin(p: *Pardes, setting: config.Runtime.Setting, arg: ?[]const u8) void {
    const previous_colors = p.settings.colors;
    const previous_context_style = p.settings.tree_context_tag_style;
    const previous_transition = p.settings.panel_transition;
    const previous_tagline_percent = p.settings.font.tagline_percent;
    switch (setting.action) {
        .theme => {
            const want = std.mem.trim(u8, arg orelse return, " \t\r\n");
            if (colors.themeIndex(want)) |i| return colors.setThemeIndex(p, i);
            // A config line is not answered on screen (applyStartupConfig
            // runs with announce off); a click or a ctl write is.
            if (!p.announce) return;
            // All of it within the 128 bytes a 9P error carries, so a write
            // failing with it is cut nowhere: the names get what is left.
            const shown = want[0..@min(want.len, 40)];
            const room = 128 -| ("Theme: no theme \"\"; like it: ; Themes lists all".len + shown.len);
            var near: [128]u8 = undefined;
            var text: [256]u8 = undefined;
            return p.reportFailure(p.active, std.fmt.bufPrint(&text, "Theme: no theme \"{s}\"; like it: {s}; Themes lists all", .{ shown, colors.themesNear(near[0..@min(room, near.len)], want) }) catch "Theme: no such theme");
        },
        .font => {
            if (comptime !font_picker) return;
            const spec = config.Runtime.FontSpec.parse(arg orelse return) orelse return;
            const matches = fonts.list(p.scratch.allocator(), spec.name);
            if (matches.len == 0) return;
            if (!p.settings.requestFont(matches[0].path, matches[0].name, spec.size_hundredths)) return;
            p.font_request_taken = false;
        },
        // A shell that is no executable is refused, not taken and quietly
        // replaced at the next spawn; bare, it goes back to the default.
        .shell => {
            const want = std.mem.trim(u8, arg orelse "", " \t\r\n");
            if (want.len == 0) {
                p.settings.shell.requested.clear();
                p.settings.shell.pending = true;
                if (!p.announce) return;
                var said: [320]u8 = undefined;
                return p.setMessage(p.active, std.fmt.bufPrint(&said, "Shell: the default again, {s} ($SHELL, else /bin/sh)", .{config.defaultShell()}) catch "Shell: the default again");
            }
            if (comptime pardes.hosted) {
                var why: [320]u8 = undefined;
                if (@import("host_io.zig").Shell.refusal(want[0..@min(want.len, 200)], &why)) |refused| {
                    var text: [340]u8 = undefined;
                    return p.reportFailure(p.active, std.fmt.bufPrint(&text, "Shell: {s}", .{refused}) catch "Shell: no such shell");
                }
            }
            if (!p.settings.apply(setting, want) and p.announce) p.reportFailure(p.active, "Shell: does not take that value");
        },
        else => if (!p.settings.apply(setting, arg) and p.announce) {
            var text: [96]u8 = undefined;
            const takes = if (setting.action == .toggle) "takes on or off" else "does not take that value";
            p.reportFailure(p.active, std.fmt.bufPrint(&text, "{s}: {s}", .{ setting.word, takes }) catch takes);
        },
    }
    if (p.settings.colors != previous_colors) {
        for (p.panes) |slot| {
            const pane = slot orelse continue;
            if (pane.file) |*file| file.syntax_dirty = true;
        }
    }
    if (p.settings.tree_context_tag_style != previous_context_style) {
        for (p.panes, 0..) |slot, id| {
            p.surface.body_layers[id].rows = 0;
            const pane = slot orelse continue;
            pane.body_rows = 0;
            pane.body_visible_rows = 0;
            pane.context_row_limit = null;
            pane.wrap_n = 0;
        }
        p.abandonPanelAnimations();
    }
    const transition_changed = setting.action == .transition and
        p.settings.panel_transition != previous_transition;
    const tagline_metrics_changed = setting.action == .tagline_size and
        p.settings.font.tagline_percent != previous_tagline_percent;
    // Idle frames keep no frozen grid while transitions are off; the one
    // just drawn is the baseline the first transition starts from.
    if (transition_changed and previous_transition == .off)
        p.presentation.capturePrevious(p.gpa, &p.surface);
    if (transition_changed or tagline_metrics_changed) {
        p.abandonPanelAnimations();
    }
}

/// What a new pane is, and who asked: each rule places them differently.
/// `scratch` is New's, `fs` 9P's pane/new, `errors` a +Errors pane.
pub const NewPane = enum { scratch, fs, shell, doc, command, errors };

/// Put new pane `id` in the layout: every new pane comes through here, by
/// the `Placement` setting, and every one but a command pane takes the
/// keyboard. `from` is the pane that asked, `origin` the text it asked
/// from: null when a column tag, the workspace tag or 9P asked (acme's
/// t->w == nil).
pub fn placeNew(p: *Pardes, from: usize, origin: ?usize, id: usize, kind: NewPane) void {
    // No column left (the last one Delcol'd): a pane made from the workspace
    // tag opens one to go in.
    _ = layout.firstColumn(p);
    const asked = if (p.exec_column != null) null else origin;
    layout.compute(p);
    const before = p.rects;
    switch (p.settings.placement) {
        .acme => switch (kind) {
            // New: the bottom half of the last pane in its own column
            // (look.c:921-923, et->col).
            .scratch => layout.acmePlace(p, p.exec_column orelse columnOf(p, from), null, id),
            // +Errors, a command's output: the last column (util.c:94-98);
            // a command run from a column's tag, that column.
            .command => layout.acmePlace(p, p.exec_column orelse p.ncol - 1, null, id),
            .errors => layout.acmePlace(p, p.ncol - 1, null, id),
            // makenewwindow(nil) for 9P's new (acme.c:877), else (t).
            .fs => layout.acmePlace(p, acmeColumn(p, from), null, id),
            .shell, .doc => layout.acmePlace(p, acmeColumn(p, from), asked, id),
        },
        .pardes => pardesPlace(p, from, id, kind),
    }
    // No pane is made shorter than its tag and two rows: where the place
    // chosen has not the room, the column's tallest pane gives it, and
    // where none can, the pane is refused, and closed at the step's end
    // (Pardes.unplaced) once whatever made it is done with it.
    if (!layout.placedRoomy(p, id, &before)) if (layout.findPane(p, id)) |f| {
        layout.removePane(p, id);
        for (p.col_panes[f.col][0..p.col_n[f.col]]) |k| p.rects[k] = before[k];
        layout.snapColWeights(p, f.col);
        if (!layout.splitTallest(p, f.col, id) or !layout.placedRoomy(p, id, &before)) {
            if (layout.findPane(p, id) == null) layout.insert(p, f.col, p.col_n[f.col], id);
            // No pane to halve, but the column holds every pane's minimum
            // with the new one's: the rows are shared out again, so what is
            // refused is only what the documented arithmetic cannot hold.
            // +Errors and 9P's pane/new go wherever there is room, last
            // column first, as acme takes rows from a window that has them
            // before saying there are none; with none, +Errors's maker says
            // the text some other way (appendErrors), and pane/new is
            // refused.
            if (layout.shareColumn(p, f.col)) {} else if (kind == .errors or kind == .fs) {
                layout.removePane(p, id);
                var c = p.ncol;
                while (c > 0) {
                    c -= 1;
                    if (c == f.col) continue;
                    for (p.col_panes[c][0..p.col_n[c]]) |k| p.rects[k] = before[k];
                    layout.snapColWeights(p, c);
                    if (p.col_n[c] == 0) {
                        layout.insert(p, c, 0, id);
                        break;
                    }
                    if (layout.splitTallest(p, c, id) and layout.placedRoomy(p, id, &before)) break;
                    if (layout.findPane(p, id) != null) layout.removePane(p, id);
                } else {
                    layout.insert(p, f.col, p.col_n[f.col], id);
                    p.unplaced.set(id);
                    // No pane anywhere can give it rows: pane/new is refused.
                    if (kind == .fs) {
                        p.panes[id].?.vweight = 0;
                        p.reportError(from, "placement", error.NoPaneRoom);
                    }
                    return;
                }
            } else {
                // Refused, it closes at the step's end holding no weight, so
                // its column's rows come back as they were, none rounded off.
                p.panes[id].?.vweight = 0;
                p.unplaced.set(id);
                p.reportError(from, "placement", error.NoPaneRoom);
                return;
            }
        }
    };
    // Placed: no pane of its column left under its minimum by the rows
    // rounding or an earlier placement gave it; shared out again if so.
    if (layout.findPane(p, id)) |f| if (!layout.columnAtMinimums(p, f.col)) {
        _ = layout.shareColumn(p, f.col);
    };
    if (kind == .command) return;
    tagline.exitHeader(p);
    p.active = id;
    if (layout.findPane(p, id)) |f| p.setActiveColumn(f.col);
}

/// acme's makenewwindow column (util.c:456-467): the column a command came
/// from (its tag's), else the active column, else the keyboard's pane's,
/// else the asking pane's.
fn acmeColumn(p: *Pardes, from: usize) usize {
    if (p.exec_column) |c| return c;
    if (p.activeColumn()) |c| return c;
    if (layout.findPane(p, p.active)) |f| return f.col;
    return columnOf(p, from);
}

fn columnOf(p: *Pardes, id: usize) usize {
    return if (layout.findPane(p, id)) |f| f.col else p.ncol - 1;
}

/// The placements pardes had before it took acme's: an empty column whose
/// tag asked, or has the keyboard, is filled; a scratch goes under the
/// asking pane, a shell under it or the nearest pane with room, a document
/// beside the last one read or in a column of its own, and a command pane
/// at the foot of the last column.
fn pardesPlace(p: *Pardes, from: usize, id: usize, kind: NewPane) void {
    const empty = if (p.exec_column orelse if (p.header_focus) p.header_column else null) |c|
        (if (c < p.ncol and p.col_n[c] == 0) c else null)
    else
        null;
    if (empty) |c| {
        layout.insert(p, c, 0, id);
        p.panes[id].?.vweight = 1;
        return;
    }
    const nt = p.panes[id].?;
    switch (kind) {
        .scratch, .fs => if (layout.findPane(p, from)) |sf| {
            layout.insert(p, sf.col, sf.idx + 1, id);
            layout.splitBelow(p, from, nt);
        } else atFoot(p, id),
        .shell => belowParent(p, from, id),
        .doc, .errors => pardesDoc(p, from, id),
        .command => {
            const rc = p.exec_column orelse p.ncol - 1;
            if (p.col_n[rc] > 0) belowParent(p, p.col_panes[rc][p.col_n[rc] - 1], id) else layout.insert(p, rc, 0, id);
        },
    }
}

/// Where a pane goes when the one it would go under is in no column (Delcol
/// took them all, or it was never placed): the foot of the active column,
/// else of the last.
fn atFoot(p: *Pardes, id: usize) void {
    const c = p.activeColumn() orelse p.ncol - 1;
    layout.insert(p, c, p.col_n[c], id);
    if (p.col_n[c] == 1) p.panes[id].?.vweight = 1;
}

fn belowParent(p: *Pardes, from: usize, id: usize) void {
    const parent = layout.splitParent(p, from);
    const f = layout.findPane(p, parent) orelse return atFoot(p, id);
    layout.insert(p, f.col, f.idx + 1, id);
    layout.splitBelow(p, parent, p.panes[id].?);
}

fn pardesDoc(p: *Pardes, from_id: usize, free: usize) void {
    const nt = p.panes[free].?;
    const doc = if (nt.file) |f| panes.Output.fileTraits(f.output).doc else true; // an image is a doc
    var src_id: ?usize = null;
    if (p.panes[from_id]) |src| if (if (src.file) |f| panes.Output.fileTraits(f.output).doc else src.image != null or src.hasPdf()) {
        src_id = from_id;
    };
    if (doc and src_id == null) {
        var n = p.njumps;
        while (n > 0) : (n -= 1) {
            const j = p.jumps[n - 1];
            const pp = p.panes[j.pane] orelse continue;
            if (pp.serial != j.serial) continue;
            if (if (pp.file) |f| panes.Output.fileTraits(f.output).doc else pp.image != null or pp.hasPdf()) {
                src_id = j.pane;
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    if (doc and src_id == null) for (p.panes, 0..) |sl, i| {
        if (sl) |pp| if (i != free and (if (pp.file) |f| panes.Output.fileTraits(f.output).doc else pp.image != null or pp.hasPdf())) {
            src_id = i;
            break;
        };
    };
    if (!doc) if (layout.findPane(p, from_id)) |sf| {
        layout.insert(p, sf.col, sf.idx + 1, free);
        layout.splitBelow(p, from_id, nt); // NOT splitParent: no bystander pays
        return;
    };
    if (src_id == null and doc and p.ncol < MAX_COLS and
        layout.columnFitsHalves(p, from_id, 100) and layout.splitColumn(p, from_id, free, true))
        return;
    // Without room for a first-document column, split the Look origin
    // just like Tty. Never displace (or evict) a top-left bystander.
    belowParent(p, src_id orelse from_id, free);
}

test "the acme chords act once per selection, not once on the primary" {
    const gpa = std.testing.allocator;
    const p = try Pardes.init(gpa, .{ .tty_only = true, .cols = 100, .rows = 30 });
    defer p.deinit();
    while (p.nextEffect()) |_| {}
    // Two selections, each naming a DIFFERENT builtin, so what ran is visible
    // in the layout rather than in a shell nobody can read from a test.
    const pane = try p.setTestFile("Newcol\nNewcol\n");
    const ranges = [_]modal.Selection{
        .{ .anchor = 0, .head = 6 },
        .{ .anchor = 7, .head = 13 },
    };
    pane.body.setRanges(pane.file.?.content, &ranges, &.{}, 0, true);
    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(u16, 1), pane.body.nsel);

    const before = p.ncol;
    p.update(.{ .key = .{ .cp = Key.tab } }); // config.exec_key: Exec
    // BOTH ran. Before this the chord read the primary range and dropped the
    // other cursor, so one keystroke over two cursors made one column.
    try std.testing.expectEqual(before + 2, p.ncol);
    // ...and the chord consumed the selection exactly as it does with one.
    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(u16, 0), p.panes[0].?.body.nsel);
}

test "a switch clicked with a selection held flips unless the selection says on or off" {
    const p = try Pardes.init(std.testing.allocator, .{ .tty_only = true, .cols = 80, .rows = 24 });
    defer p.deinit();
    while (p.nextEffect()) |_| {}
    const before = p.settings.verbose;
    _ = execute(p, p.active, withArg(p, "Verbose", "some selected text"));
    try std.testing.expectEqual(!before, p.settings.verbose);
    _ = execute(p, p.active, withArg(p, "Verbose", "on"));
    try std.testing.expect(p.settings.verbose);
    _ = execute(p, p.active, withArg(p, "Verbose", " off\n"));
    try std.testing.expect(!p.settings.verbose);
    // A word that takes any argument still gets the selection.
    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("Msg some text", withArg(p, "Msg", "some text"));
}